Publications HAL de la structure Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés

2018

titre
Multiple Strategies for Light-Harvesting, Photoprotection, and Carbon Flow in High Latitude Microbial Mats
auteur
Adrien Vigneron, Perrine Cruaud, Vani Mohit, Marie-Josée Martineau, Alexander Culley, Connie Lovejoy, Warwick Vincent
article
Frontiers in Microbiology, 2018, 9, pp.2096-2099. ⟨10.3389/fmicb.2018.02881⟩
resume

Sulfite-reducing and sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM) play important roles in anoxic environments, linking the sulfur and carbon cycles. With climate warming, the distribution of anoxic habitats conductive to dissimilatory SRM is expanding. Consequently, we hypothesize that novel SRM are likely to emerge from the rare biosphere triggered by environmental changes. Using the dsrB gene as a molecular marker of sulfite-reducers and sulfate-reducers, we analyzed the diversity, community composition, and abundance of SRM in 200 samples representing 14 different ecosystems, including marine and freshwater environments, oil reservoirs, and engineered infrastructure. Up to 167,397 species-level OTUs affiliated with 47 different families were identified. Up to 96% of these can be considered as "rare biosphere SRM". One third of the dsrB genes identified belonged to uncharacterized lineages. The dsrB sequences exhibited a strong pattern of selection in different ecosystems. These results expand our knowledge of the biodiversity and distribution of SRM, with implications for carbon and sulfur cycling in anoxic ecosystems.

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Journal articles
DOI
DOI : 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02881
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titre
Habitat selection in a dynamic seasonal environment: Vegetation composition drives the choice of the breeding habitat for the community of passerines in floodplain grasslands
auteur
Yoan Fourcade, Aurélien G. Besnard, Edouard Beslot, Stéphanie Hennique, Gilles Mourgaud, Guillaume Berdin, Jean Secondi
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Biological Conservation, 2018, 228, pp.301-309. ⟨10.1016/j.biocon.2018.11.007⟩
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The conservation of grasslands is a concern worldwide as they are threatened by climate change and the ex- pansion of intensive agricultural practices. The management of these areas must take into account the decisional process of habitat selection by individual organisms to identify potential ecological traps or underused habitats. Organisms that live in heterogeneous environments must select their breeding habitat based on cues that re␣ect habitat quality. In dynamic ecosystems such as grasslands, environmental cues used by individuals should show a strong temporal autocorrelation, such that their characteristics during breeding can be predicted earlier in the season. Our objective was to test if habitat features that explain grassland birds' distribution during the nesting and chick-rearing period could be predicted from the habitat features available on territory settlement. In western France, we analysed the relationships between the occurrence, richness and abundance of four passerine species, and vegetation structure and composition during chick-rearing period. We then analysed the temporal autocorrelation of vegetation features to determine whether the cues used during the settlement period reliably predicted the vegetation features encountered at later stages of breeding. We found that birds selected habitats characterized by a low cover of grasses, but did not respond to the physical structure of vegetation. The com- position of vegetation was also the only variable that exhibited temporal autocorrelation over the course of the season, suggesting that individuals may rely on this feature to select optimal breeding habitats. Our results suggest that in dynamic environments, and in the absence of breeding experience or public information, animals can choose their breeding habitat based on a simple assessment of vegetation composition. A detailed knowledge of the underlying drivers of habitat selection is essential to manage habitats, identify potential ecological traps, and enhance the attractiveness of areas especially those under agri-environmental schemes.
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DOI
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2018.11.007
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titre
Resilience to climate variation in a spatially structured amphibian population
auteur
Avril Weinbach, Hugo Cayuela, Odile Grolet, Aurélien Besnard, Pierre Joly
article
Scientific Reports, 2018, 8 (1), pp.1-9. ⟨10.1038/s41598-018-33111-9⟩
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Understanding the impact of weather fluctuations on demographic parameters is of crucial interest to biodiversity research in a context of global climate change. Amphibians are valuable candidates for investigating this topic due to their strong physiological dependence on water availability and temperature. In this study, we took advantage of data from a long-term capture–mark–recapture (CMR) monitoring program of a great crested newt (Triturus cristatus) population inhabiting a 12-pond archipelago in southeastern France. We investigated the interactions between vital rates (survival and recruitment), the internal structure of the population, and climatic variables both at a local and a regional (North Atlantic Oscillation: NAO) scale. Overall, we found a weak relationship between climatic variables and the survival of large-bodied newts. The only strong relationship was found to be a high NAO index during the post-breeding period, suggesting that dry, hot summers negatively impact survival. In terms of recruitment, the results indicated that hot weather during the activity period had delayed deleterious effects on adult recruitment two years later, suggesting high larval and juvenile mortality due to unsuitable growing conditions. Recruitment was also impacted by a high NAO index during the overwintering period preceding recruitment, suggesting that mild weather increases the mortality of juveniles, probably by enhancing the depletion of energy reserves without any possibility of refueling.
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Journal articles
DOI
DOI : 10.1038/s41598-018-33111-9
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titre
Landscape perceptions and social representations of Fallopia spp. in France
auteur
Soraya Rouifed, M. Cottet, M. de Battista, Y-F Le Lay, Florence Piola, Patrick Rateau, A. Rivière-Honegger
article
The Science of Nature Naturwissenschaften, 2018, 105 (67), ⟨10.1007/s00114-018-1592-7⟩
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Choices have to be made to manage invasive species because eradication often is not possible. Both ecological and social factors have to be considered to improve the efficiency of management plans. We conducted a social study on Fallopia spp., a major invasive plant taxon in Europe, including (1) a survey on the perception of a landscape containing Fallopia spp. using a photoquestionnaire and (2) an analysis of the social representations of Fallopia spp. of managers and users in one highly invaded area and one less invaded area. The respondents to the photoquestionnaire survey appreciated the esthetics of the landscapes less when tall Fallopia spp. were present. Few people were able to identify and name the plant, and this knowledge negatively affected the appreciation of the photos containing Fallopia spp. The central core of the social representation of Fallopia spp. was composed of the invasive status of the plant, its density, and its ecological impacts. The peripheral elements of the representation depended on the people surveyed. The users highlighted the natural aspect whereas the managers identified the need for control. In the invaded area, the managers qualified the species as Bunmanageable,^ whereas the species was qualified as Bforeign^ in the less invaded area. Those results provide insights that have to be included when objectives of management plans of these species are selected.
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Journal articles
DOI
DOI : 10.1007/s00114-018-1592-7
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https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01972457/file/RateauEtAl_SciNat_2018.pdf BibTex
titre
Stimulating fermentation by the prolonged acceleration of gut transit protects against decompression sickness
auteur
Sébastien de Maistre, Nicolas Vallée, Sandrine Gaillard, Claude H. B. Duchamp, Jean-Eric Blatteau
article
Scientific Reports, 2018, 8 (1), pp.10128. ⟨10.1038/s41598-018-28510-x⟩
resume
Massive bubble formation after diving can lead to decompression sickness (DCS). Gut fermentation at the time of a dive exacerbates DCS due to endogenous hydrogen production. We sought to investigate whether medium-term stimulation of fermentation as a result of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced acceleration of bowel transit before diving exacerbates DCS in rats. Seven days before an experimental dry dive, 60 rats were randomly divided in two groups: an experimental group treated with PEG (n = 30) and an untreated control group (n = 30). Exhaled hydrogen was measured before the dive. Following hyperbaric exposure, we assessed for signs of DCS. After anaesthetisation, arterial blood was drawn to assay inflammatory cytokines and markers of oxidative stress. PEG led to a significant increase in exhaled H2 (35 ppm [10–73] compared with control 7 ppm [2–15]; p = 0.001). The probability of death was reduced in PEG-treated rats (PEG: 17% [95% CI 4–41] vs control: 50% [95% CI 26–74]; p = 0.034). In addition, inflammatory markers were reduced, and the antioxidant activity of glutathione peroxidase was significantly increased (529.2 U.l−1 [485.4–569.0] versus 366.4 U.l−1 [317.6–414.8]; p = 0.004). Thus, gut fermentation might have a positive effect on DCS. The antioxidant and neuroprotective properties of the fermentation by-products H2 and butyrate may explain these results.
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DOI : 10.1038/s41598-018-28510-x
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titre
A microorganisms’ journey between plant generations
auteur
Nathan Vannier, Cendrine Mony, Anne‐kristel Bittebière, Sophie Michon-Coudouel, Marine Biget, Philippe Vandenkoornhuyse
article
Microbiome, 2018, 6 (1), pp.79. ⟨10.1186/s40168-018-0459-7⟩
resume
Background: Plants are colonized by a great diversity of microorganisms which form a microbiota and perform additional functions for their host. This microbiota can thus be considered a toolbox enabling plants to buffer local environmental changes, with a positive influence on plant fitness. In this context, the transmission of the microbiota to the progeny represent a way to ensure the presence of beneficial symbionts within the habitat. Examples of such transmission have been mainly described for seed transmission and concern a few pathogenic microorganisms. We investigated the transmission of symbiotic partners to plant progeny within clonal plant network.Methods: We used the clonal plant Glechoma hederacea as plant model and forced newly emitted clonal progeny to root in separated pots while controlling the presence of microorganisms. We used an amplicon sequencing approach of 16S and 18S rRNA targeting bacteria/archaea and fungi respectively to describe the root microbiota of mother and clonal-plant offspring.Results: We demonstrated the vertical transmission of a significant proportion of the mother plants’ symbiotic bacteria and fungi to the daughters. Interestingly, archaea were not transmitted to the daughter plants. Transmitted communities had lower richness, suggesting a filtration during transmission. We found that the transmitted pool of microorganisms was similar among daughters, constituting the heritability of a specific cohort of microorganisms, opening a new understanding of the plant holobiont. We also found significant effects of distance to the mother plant and of growth time on the richness of the microbiota transmitted.Conclusions: In this clonal plant, microorganisms are transmitted between individuals through connections, thereby ensuring the availability of microbe partners for the newborn plants as well as the dispersion between hosts for the microorganisms. This previously undescribed ecological process allows the dispersal of microorganisms in space and across plant generations. As the vast majority of plants are clonal, this process might be therefore a strong driver of ecosystem functioning and assembly of plant and microorganism communities in a wide range of ecosystems.
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Journal articles
DOI
DOI : 10.1186/s40168-018-0459-7
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titre
Time course of liver mitochondrial function and intrinsic changes in oxidative phosphorylation in a rat model of sepsis
auteur
Pierre Eyenga, Damien Roussel, Jérome Morel, Benjamin Rey, Caroline Romestaing, Virginie Gueguen-Chaignon, Shey-Shing Sheu, Jean Paul Viale
article
Intensive Care Medicine Experimental, 2018, 6 (31), pp.1-17. ⟨10.1186/s40635-018-0197-y⟩
resume
Background: Tissue ATP depletion and oxidative stress have been associated with the severe outcomes of septic shock. One of the compensatory mechanisms to alleviate the sepsis-induced mitochondrial dysfunction could be the increase in oxidative phosphorylation efficiency (ATP/O). We propose to study liver mitochondrial function and oxidative stress and the regulatory mechanism of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation efficiency in an animal model of sepsis.Methods: We induced sepsis in rats by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP). Six, 24, or 36 h following CLP, we measured liver mitochondrial respiration, cytochrome c oxidase activity, and membrane permeability. We determine oxidative phosphorylation efficiency, by measuring ATP synthesis related to oxygen consumption at various exogenous ADP concentrations. Finally, we measured radical oxygen species (ROS) generation by liver mitochondria and mRNA concentrations of UCP2, biogenesis factors, and cytokines at the same end points.Results: CLP rats presented hypotension, lactic acidosis, liver cytolysis, and upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines mRNA as compared to controls. Liver mitochondria showed a decrease in ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption at 24 h following CLP. A marked uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation appeared 36 h following CLP and was associated with a decrease in cytochrome c oxidase activity and content and ATP synthase subunit β content (slip mechanism) and an increase in mitochondrial oligomycin-insensitive respiration, but no change in mitochondrial inner membrane permeability (no leak). Upregulation of UCP2 mRNA resulted in a decrease in mitochondrial ROS generation 24 h after the onset of CLP, whereas ROS over-generation associated with slip at cytochrome c oxidase observed at 36 h was concomitant with a decrease in UCP2 mRNA expression.Conclusions: Despite a compensatory increase in mitochondrial biogenesis factors, liver mitochondrial functions remain altered after CLP. This suggests that the functional compensatory mechanisms reported in the present study (slip at cytochrome c oxidase and biogenesis factors) were not strong enough to increase oxidative phosphorylation efficiency and failed to limit liver mitochondrial ROS over-generation. These data suggest that treatments based on cytochrome c infusion could have a role in mitochondrial dysfunction and/or ROS generation associated with sepsis.
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DOI
DOI : 10.1186/s40635-018-0197-y
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titre
Biodiversity loss along a gradient of deforestation in Amazonian agricultural landscapes
auteur
Thibaud Decaens, Marlucia Martins, Alex Feijoo, Johan Oszwald, Sylvain Dolédec, Jérôme Mathieu, Xavier Arnauld de Sartre, Diego Bonilla, George Brown, Yeimmy Andrea Cuellar Criollo, Florence Dubs, Ivaneide Furtado, Valérie Gond, Erika Gordillo, Solen Le Clec'H, Raphaël Marichal, Danielle Mitja, Izildinha Miranda de Souza, Catarina Praxedes, Rodolphe Rougerie, Darío Ruiz, Joel Tupac Otero, Catalina Sanabria, Alex Velasquez, Luz Elena M. Zararte, Patrick Lavelle
article
Conservation Biology, 2018, 32 (6), pp.1380 - 1391. ⟨10.1111/cobi.13206⟩
resume
Assessing how much management of agricultural landscapes, in addition to protected areas, can offset biodiversity erosion in the tropics is a central issue for conservation that still requires cross-taxonomic and landscape-scale studies. We measured the effects of Amazonia deforestation and subsequent land-use intensification in 6 agricultural areas (landscape scale), where we sampled plants and 4 animal groups (birds, earthworms, fruit flies, and moths). We assessed land-use intensification with a synthetic index based on landscape metrics (total area and relative percentages of land uses, edge density, mean patch density and diversity, and fractal structures at 5 dates from 1990 to 2007). Species richness decreased consistently as agricultural intensification increased despite slight differences in the responses of sampled groups. Globally, in moderately deforested landscapes species richness was relatively stable, and there was a clear threshold in biodiversity loss midway along the intensification gradient, mainly linked to a drop in forest cover and quality. Our results suggest anthropogenic landscapes with high-quality forest covering >40 % of the surface area may prevent biodiversity loss in Amazonia.
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Journal articles
DOI
DOI : 10.1111/cobi.13206
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titre
Context-dependent dispersal, public information, and heterospecific attraction in newts
auteur
Hugo Cayuela, Odile Grolet, Pierre Joly
article
Oecologia, 2018, 188 (4), pp.1069 - 1080. ⟨10.1007/s00442-018-4267-3⟩
resume
Dispersal is one of the main processes that determine community structure. Individuals make dispersal decisions according to environmental and/or social cues that reflect the fitness prospects in a given patch. The presence and abundance of heterospecifics within the same ecological guild, and/or their breeding success, may act as public information that influences movement decisions. To date, most studies investigating the role of heterospecific attraction have focused on habitat choice, using both experimental and correlational approaches. The present study is the first to examine how long-term variation in heterospecific density in breeding patches may affect dispersal patterns in spatially structured populations. We investigate how the dispersal decisions of the great crested newt (Triturus cristatus) are related to the variable density of two other newt species, the alpine newt (Ichthyosaura alpestris) and the palmate newt (Lissotriton helveticus). To examine this issue, we used capture–recapture data collected in an experimental pond network over a 20-year period. The results revealed that the great crested newt’s dispersal is context dependent and is affected by variation in heterospecific density: individuals were less likely to emigrate from ponds with high heterospecific density and were more likely to immigrate to ponds with high heterospecific density. These findings suggest that individuals adjust their dispersal decisions at least partly based on public information provided by heterospecifics. This mechanism may play a critical role in the dynamics of spatially structured populations and community functioning.
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DOI : 10.1007/s00442-018-4267-3
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Carotenoid distribution in wild Japanese tree frogs (Hyla japonica) exposed to ionizing radiation in Fukushima
auteur
Mathieu Giraudeau, Jean-Marc Bonzom, Simon Ducatez, Karine Beaugelin-Seiller, Pierre Deviche, Thierry Lengagne, Isabelle Cavalie, Virginie Camilleri, Christelle Adam-Guillermin, Kevin Mcgraw
article
Scientific Reports, 2018, 8 (1), pp.7438. ⟨10.1038/s41598-018-25495-5⟩
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The nuclear accident in the Fukushima prefecture released a large amount of artificial radionuclides that might have short- and long-term biological effects on wildlife. Ionizing radiation can be a harmful source of reactive oxygen species, and previous studies have already shown reduced fitness effects in exposed animals in Chernobyl. Due to their potential health benefits, carotenoid pigments might be used by animals to limit detrimental effects of ionizing radiation exposure. Here, we examined concentrations of carotenoids in blood (i.e. a snapshot of levels in circulation), liver (endogenous carotenoid reserves), and the vocal sac skin (sexual signal) in relation to the total radiation dose rates absorbed by individual (TDR from 0.2 to 34 µGy/h) Japanese tree frogs (Hyla japonica). We found high within-site variability of TDRs, but no significant effects of the TDR on tissue carotenoid levels, suggesting that carotenoid distribution in amphibians might be less sensitive to ionizing radiation exposure than in other organisms or that the potential deleterious effects of radiation exposure might be less significant or more difficult to detect in Fukushima than in Chernobyl due to, among other things, differences in the abundance and mixture of each radionuclide.
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DOI
DOI : 10.1038/s41598-018-25495-5
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titre
Natural variability and modulation by environmental stressors of global genomic cytosine methylation levels in a freshwater crustacean, Gammarus fossarum
auteur
Pauline Cribiu, Arnaud Chaumot, Olivier Geffard, Jean-Luc Ravanat, Thérèse Bastide, Herve Queau, Sylvain Caillat, Alain Devaux, Sylvie Bony
article
Aquatic Toxicology, 2018, 205, pp.11-18. ⟨10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.09.015⟩
resume
To improve the assessment of aquatic organism responses to environmental stressors, there is an interest in studying epigenetic marks in addition to other validated biomarkers. Indeed, the epigenetic marks may be influenced by the surrounding environment. Non-model invertebrates such as gammarids are sentinel organisms representative of the diversity of natural stream communities. Despite their ecologically relevance, the epigenetic responses have been to date poorly documented in these species. The present study explores the measurement of the global cytosine methylation level in the genome of the freshwater crustacean Gammarus fossarum. In a first step, natural variability of global cytosine methylation level (basal level) was assessed by studying the effect of sex, age and sampling site of organisms. Results showed a significant effect of age and sampling site. In a second step, effects of water temperature and food starvation were studied. For both factors, a hypermethylation was observed after 1 month of exposure. In a third step, gammarids were exposed to a range of environmentally relevant cadmium concentrations (0.05-5 µg/L) in order to assess the effect of a chemical stress. Whatever the cadmium concentration used, a significant hypomethylation was observed after 14 days followed by a trend for hypermethylation after 1 month of exposure. These results are the first ones dealing with the 5Cmethylation status in gammarids. The results constitute potential markers of environmental stresses in relevant sentinel species widely used in ecotoxicological studies.
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DOI : 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.09.015
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Plant Nutrient Resource Use Strategies Shape Active Rhizosphere Microbiota Through Root Exudation
auteur
Julien Guyonnet, Martin Guillemet, Audrey Dubost, Laurent Simon, Philippe Ortet, ​mohamed Barakat, Thierry Heulin, Wafa Achouak, Feth El Zahar Haichar
article
Frontiers in Plant Science, 2018, 9, pp.1-13. ⟨10.3389/fpls.2018.01662⟩
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Plant strategies for soil nutrient uptake have the potential to strongly influence plant-microbiota interactions, due to the competition between plants and microorganisms for soil nutrient acquisition and/or conservation. In the present study, we investigate whether these plant strategies could influence rhizosphere microbial activities via root exudation, and contribute to the microbiota diversification of active bacterial communities colonizing the root-adhering soil (RAS) and inhabiting the root tissues. We applied a DNA-based stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP) approach to six grass species distributed along a gradient of plant nutrient resource strategies, from conservative species, characterized by low nitrogen (N) uptake, a long lifespans and low root exudation level, to exploitative species, characterized by high rates of photosynthesis, rapid rates of N uptake and high root exudation level. We analyzed their (i) associated microbiota composition involved in root exudate assimilation and soil organic matter (SOM) degradation by 16S-rRNA-based metabarcoding. (ii) We determine the impact of root exudation level on microbial activities (denitrification and respiration) by gas chromatography. Measurement of microbial activities revealed an increase in denitrification and respiration activities for microbial communities colonizing the RAS of exploitative species. This increase of microbial activities results probably from a higher exudation rate and more diverse metabolites by exploitative plant species. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that plant nutrient resource strategies have a role in shaping active microbiota. We present evidence demonstrating that plant nutrient use strategies shape active microbiota involved in root exudate assimilation and SOM degradation via root exudation.
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Journal articles
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DOI : 10.3389/fpls.2018.01662
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https://cea.hal.science/cea-01968948/file/2018_Guyonnet_Frontiers_in_Plant_Science_1.pdf BibTex
titre
Improving the multi-functionality of urban green spaces: Relations between components of green spaces and urban services
auteur
Ali Belmeziti, Frédéric Cherqui, Bernard Kaufmann
article
Sustainable Cities and Society, 2018, 43, pp.1 - 10. ⟨10.1016/j.scs.2018.07.014⟩
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Urban green spaces are vital parts of any city due to their capacity to provide a large number of urban services to a wide range of stakeholders. However, since urban green spaces can consume large areas of the city, where land is both scarce and expensive, planners and managers are usually faced with conflicting challenges. They must endeavour to provide the tremendous amount of urban services, which are expected by the stakeholder, while simultaneously, attempting the careful design of urban green spaces in a limited area. Using a combined method based on the findings of a literature review, stakeholder participation and a case study, this paper puts forward a new typology, that of improving multi-functionality of the urban green space, as a solution to the challenge of limited area available. This new typology suggests that the linking of greenspace components with urban green services could allow planners and managers to overlay the services expected, by selecting the best possible combination of greenspace components. In fact, with this new typology, planners and managers could choose the combination of greenspace components first, and then establish the set of urban services provided. It was tested on the urban green spaces of the Doua campus (Lyon, France) which led to suggestions, made to the campus manager, on how to improve urban services without increasing the green areas.
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DOI : 10.1016/j.scs.2018.07.014
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Age, courtship and senescence: sexual ornaments are larger in older great crested newts
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Nina Palau Daval, Vanessa Gardette, Pierre Joly
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Australian Journal of Zoology, 2018, 306 (3), pp.156 - 162. ⟨10.1111/jzo.12579⟩
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Patterns of senescence are highly diverse and the underlying mechanisms are controversial. Most studies have focused on endothermic tetrapods, who usually exhibit both actuarial (e.g. the increase in mortality rate with age) and reproductive senescence. However, senescence patterns are less clear in ectothermic vertebrates since these animals exhibit undetermined growth and often increase their reproductive potential throughout their life history. We contribute to this topic by investigating the relationship between age and relative size of sexual ornaments in a urodele amphibian, the great crested newt, Triturus cristatus. We found that the relative sizes of sexual ornaments (crest height, crest area, area of the white caudal spot) were correlated with an individual's age in a population monitored in the wild. These sexual ornaments constitute honest signals reflecting male quality. Thus, the crested newt appeared to undergo negligible reproductive senescence in our population, although further experiments on reproductive success are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
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DOI : 10.1111/jzo.12579
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Dietary exacerbation of metabolic stress leads to accelerated hepatic carcinogenesis in glycogen storage disease type Ia
auteur
Monika Gjorgjieva, Julien Caldéraro, Laure Monteillet, Marine Silva, Margaux Raffin, Marie Brevet, Caroline Romestaing, Damien Roussel, Jessica Zucman-Rossi, Gilles Mithieux, Fabienne Rajas
article
Journal of Hepatology, 2018, 69 (5), pp.1074-1087. ⟨10.1016/j.jhep.2018.07.017⟩
resume
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSDIa) is a rare genetic disease associated with glycogen accumulation in hepatocytes and steatosis. With age, most adult patients with GSDIa develop hepatocellular adenomas (HCA), which can progress to hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). In this study, we characterized metabolic reprogramming and cellular defense alterations during tumorigenesis in the liver of hepatocyte-specific G6pc deficient (L.G6pc-/-) mice, which develop all the hepatic hallmarks of GSDIa. METHODS: Liver metabolism and cellular defenses were assessed at pretumoral (four months) and tumoral (nine months) stages in L.G6pc-/- mice fed a high fat/high sucrose (HF/HS) diet. RESULTS: In response to HF/HS diet, hepatocarcinogenesis was highly accelerated since 85% of L.G6pc-/- mice developed multiple hepatic tumors after nine months, with 70% classified as HCA and 30% as HCC. Tumor development was associated with high expression of malignancy markers of HCC, i.e. alpha-fetoprotein, glypican 3 and β-catenin. In addition, L.G6pc-/- livers exhibited loss of tumor suppressors. Interestingly, L.G6pc-/- steatosis exhibited a low-inflammatory state and was less pronounced than in wild-type livers. This was associated with an absence of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and fibrosis, while HCA/HCC showed a partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the absence of TGF-β1 increase. In HCA/HCC, glycolysis was characterized by a marked expression of PK-M2, decreased mitochondrial OXPHOS and a decrease of pyruvate entry in the mitochondria, confirming a "Warburg-like" phenotype. These metabolic alterations led to a decrease in antioxidant defenses and autophagy and chronic endoplasmic reticulum stress in L.G6pc-/- livers and tumors. Interestingly, autophagy was reactivated in HCA/HCC. CONCLUSION: The metabolic remodeling in L.G6pc-/- liver generates a preneoplastic status and leads to a loss of cellular defenses and tumor suppressors that facilitates tumor development in GSDI. LAY SUMMARY: Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD1a) is a rare metabolic disease characterized by hypoglycemia, steatosis, excessive glycogen accumulation and tumor development in the liver. In this study, we have observed that GSDIa livers reprogram their metabolism in a similar way to cancer cells, which facilitates tumor formation and progression, in the absence of hepatic fibrosis. Moreover, hepatic burden due to overload of glycogen and lipids in the cells leads to a decrease in cellular defenses, such as autophagy, which could further promote tumorigenesis in the case of GSDI.
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DOI : 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.07.017
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Suturovagina intermedia (Cheirolepidiaceae) from the Lower Cretaceous Dalazi Formation of Wangqing, Northeast China: Cuticle ultrastructure and palaeoenvironmental insights
auteur
Xiao-Ju Yang, Gaëtan Guignard, Zhi-Yan Zhou, Qing Xu
article
Cretaceous Research, 2018, 91, pp.80 - 99. ⟨10.1016/j.cretres.2018.05.005⟩
resume
The Cheirolepidiaceous conifer Suturovagina intermedia Chow et Tsao is reported from the Lower Cretaceous of Wangqing, Jilin Province in northeastern China, and its leaf cuticles were studied in detail using scanning and transmission electron microscopies and EDS. The data obtained were compared with those of the previous study on the same species from the Lower Cretaceous of the type locality Nanjing, Jiangsu Province in eastern China. Despite the general similarity in gross morphology and leaf cuticular structure, there are a number of differences in leaf cuticular ultrastructure and element composition (EDS data) between specimens from the two localities. Among them, 14 differences are potential tax- onomical characters. Of them, 7 might be of importance at the species/genus level, and 7 are possible characters at the family level. There are also 23 differences, i.e., 7 cuticle ultrastructural characters of ordinary epidermal cell cuticles and 5 subsidiary cell cuticles, plus 11 EDS ratios of cuticles, believed to be of ecological significances. This paper presents the first case to make comparative palaeoenvironmental analyses based on leaf cuticle ultrastructure and element composition of the same taxon from different areas. It shows that Suturovagina intermedia was an inhabitant of a lower xerothermic environment in Wangqing, instead of being a higher xerothermic environment, such as in the type locality Nanjing. The conclusion obtained is well-supported by the evidence of the element composition (EDX data) of the matrix and the associated biotic composition of the fossil-bearing beds from the two localities. It is the first attempt to search for the environmental footprint in fossil plant cuticles based on their element composition.
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DOI : 10.1016/j.cretres.2018.05.005
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titre
Rediscovery of the allegedly "destroyed" holotype of Weltrichia fabrei Saporta, 1891 from the Rhaetian?/Hettangian of Lozère (Southern France).
auteur
Jean-David Moreau, Frédéric Thévenard
article
Geodiversitas, 2018, 40 (4), pp.521-527. ⟨10.5252/geodiversitas2018v40a21⟩
resume
A sandstone slab bearing plant macro-remains was rediscovered during recent investigations led in the buildings of the old Musée Ignon-Fabre (Mende) which were closed in 1995 and emptied in 2003. The study of the slab clearly allows it to be identified as the holotype of Weltrichia fabrei Saporta, 1891 which has been considered destroyed since the end of the 20th Century. Gaston de Saporta described this Bennettitalean fructification based on a cast and considered the type locality as Rhaetian in age. In the present paper, based on the holotype, W. fabrei was revised in order to describe and illustrate the specimen in detail. It consists of a cup with one whorl of at least seven, slender and elongated sporophylls that apically curve inwards. Sporophylls display a dorsal median ridge, an acute apex and look leathery. Distally, the adaxial surface of sporophylls bears up to seven, elongated, tips forming branched structures comparable to the large pollen bearing organs observed among Upper Triassic/ Lower Jurassic Bennettitalean fructifications. Here, the chronostratigraphic assignment of the type locality is discussed considering a Rhaetian?/early Hettangian age for the sandstone bearing W. fabrei. The depositional environment of W. fabrei was probably continental with a vast floodplain in which channels periodically occurred.
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DOI : 10.5252/geodiversitas2018v40a21
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Disconnection between genetic and morphological diversity in the planktonic foraminifer Neogloboquadrina pachyderma from the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean
auteur
Aurore André, Frédéric Quillévéré, Ralf Schiebel, Raphaël Morard, Hélène Howa, Julie Meilland, Christophe Jean Douady
article
Marine Micropaleontology, 2018, 144, pp.14-24. ⟨10.1016/j.marmicro.2018.10.001⟩
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Eight SSU rDNA genetic types have been described in the planktonic foraminifera Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, but the level of correlation between genetic diversity and morphological variation remains unknown in this morphospecies. In this study, we combine molecular and morphometric analyses of specimens of N. pachyderma sampled during two consecutive years across a latitudinal gradient in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. We observe that three genetic types of N. pachyderma inhabit the (sub-)polar waters of the southern Indian Ocean where they have equivalent regional distributions to those previously observed in the South Atlantic. The geographic ranges of these genetic types are largely overlapping. Our morphometric data show that contrary to other planktonic foraminiferal morphospecies, there is no relationship between genetic diversity and morpho- logical di␣erentiation in at least two of the austral representatives of N. pachyderma (Type III and Type IV) despite a high morphological variability and large genetic distance between these types. These genetic types of N. pachyderma in the southern Indian Ocean thus constitute true cryptic species of planktonic foraminifera.
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DOI
DOI : 10.1016/j.marmicro.2018.10.001
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Sequoioxylon zhangii sp. nov. (Sequoioideae, Cupressaceae s.l.), a new coniferous wood from the Upper Cretaceous in Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China
auteur
Ning Tian, Zhipeng Zhu, Yongdong Wang, Marc Philippe, Chunyong Chou, Aowei Xie
article
Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 2018, 257, pp.85 - 94. ⟨10.1016/j.revpalbo.2018.07.008⟩
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A new coniferous species Sequoioxylon zhangii sp. nov. is described on the basis of an anatomically well-preserved fossil wood specimen from the Upper Cretaceous in Keshan County of Heilongjiang Province, NE China. S. zhangii is anatomically characterized by abundant axial wood parenchyma, uni-biseriate bordered pits, taxodioid cross-field pits, uniseriate rays 1–31 (usually 3–15) cells in height, and the occurrence of axial and horizontal traumatic resin canals. Such a combination of wood anatomy features agrees well with the diagnostic characters of fossil wood morphogenus Sequoioxylon Torrey. The new species may represent an extinct taxon of the subfamily Sequoioideae of the Cupressaceae s.l. This new finding represents the first record of Sequoioxylon Torrey from China, and provides insights into the origin and evolution of the extant taxodiaceous Cupressaceae, especially the subfamily Sequoioideae. Anatomically, the new species shows a combination of anatomical characters of different groups of the extant Sequoioideae. This fossil may provide additional evidences to support the view that Sequoia was originated from a recombination between Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron as a result of reticulate evolution.
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DOI : 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2018.07.008
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Aquifer recharge with stormwater runoff in urban areas: Influence of vadose zone thickness on nutrient and bacterial transfers from the surface of infiltration basins to groundwater
auteur
Jérémy Voisin, Benoit Cournoyer, Antonin Vienney, Florian Mermillod-Blondin
article
Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 637-638, pp.1496 - 1507. ⟨10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.094⟩
resume
Stormwater in␣ltration systems (SIS) have been built in urban areas to reduce the environmental impacts of stormwater runoff. In␣ltration basins allow the transfer of stormwater runoff to aquifers but their abilities to retain contaminants de- pend on vadose zone properties. This study assessed the in␣uence of vadose zone thickness (VZT) on the transfer of inor- ganic nutrients (PO34␣, NO␣3 , NH+4 ), dissolved organic carbon (total -DOC- and biodegradable -BDOC-) and bacteria. A ␣eld experiment was conducted on three SIS with a thin vadose zone (b3 m) and three SIS with a thick vadose zone (N10 m). Water samples were collected at three times during a rainy period of 10 days in each in␣ltration basin (stormwater runoff), in the aquifer impacted by in␣ltration (impacted groundwater) and in the same aquifer but upstream of the in␣ltration area (non-impacted groundwater). Inorganic nutrients, organic matter, and dissolved oxygen (DO) were measured on all water samples. Bacterial community structures were investigated on water samples through a next-generation se- quencing (NGS) scheme of 16S rRNA gene amplicons (V5-V6). The concentrations of DO and phosphate measured in SIS-impacted groundwaters were signi␣cantly in␣uenced by VZT due to distinct biogeochemical processes occurring in the vadose zone. DOC and BDOC were ef␣ciently retained in the vadose zone, regardless of its thickness. Bacterial transfers to the aquifer were overall low, but data obtained on day 10 indicated a signi␣cant bacterial transfer in SIS with a thin va- dose zone. Water transit time and water saturation of the vadose zone were found important parameters for bacterial transfers. Most bacterial taxa (N60%) from impacted groundwaters were not detected in stormwater runoff and in non- impacted groundwaters, indicating that groundwater bacterial communities were signi␣cantly modi␣ed by processes as- sociated with in␣ltration (remobilization of bacteria from vadose zone and/or species sorting).
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DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.094
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The climate, the fuel and the land use: Long-term regional variability of biomass burning in boreal forests
auteur
Chiara Molinari, Veiko Lehsten, Olivier Blarquez, Christopher Carcaillet, Basil A.S. Davis, Jed O Kaplan, Jennifer Clear, Richard Bradshaw
article
Global Change Biology, 2018, 24 (10), pp.4929-4945. ⟨10.1111/gcb.14380⟩
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The influence of different drivers on changes in North American and European boreal forests biomass burning (BB) during the Holocene was investigated based on the following hypotheses: land use was important only in the southernmost regions, while elsewhere climate was the main driver modulated by changes in fuel type. BB was reconstructed by means of 88 sedimentary charcoal records divided into six different site clusters. A statistical approach was used to explore the relative contribution of (a) pollen‐based mean July/summer temperature and mean annual precipitation reconstructions, (b) an independent model‐based scenario of past land use (LU), and (c) pollen‐based reconstructions of plant functional types (PFTs) on BB. Our hypotheses were tested with: (a) a west‐east northern boreal sector with changing climatic conditions and a homogeneous vegetation, and (b) a north‐south European boreal sector characterized by gradual variation in both climate and vegetation composition. The processes driving BB in boreal forests varied from one region to another during the Holocene. However, general trends in boreal biomass burning were primarily controlled by changes in climate (mean annual precipitation in Alaska, northern Quebec, and northern Fennoscandia, and mean July/summer temperature in central Canada and central Fennoscandia) and, secondarily, by fuel composition (BB positively correlated with the presence of boreal needleleaf evergreen trees in Alaska and in central and southern Fennoscandia). Land use played only a marginal role. A modification towards less flammable tree species (by promoting deciduous stands over fire‐prone conifers) could contribute to reduce circumboreal wildfire risk in future warmer periods.
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DOI : 10.1111/gcb.14380
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Life History Traits Impact the Nuclear Rate of Substitution but Not the Mitochondrial Rate in Isopods
auteur
Nathanaëlle Saclier, Clémentine François, Lara Konecny-Dupré, Nicolas Lartillot, Laurent Guéguen, L. Duret, Florian Malard, Christophe Jean Douady, Tristan Lefébure
article
Molecular Biology and Evolution, 2018, 35 (12), pp.2900-2912. ⟨10.1093/molbev/msy184⟩
resume
The rate of molecular evolution varies widely among species. Life history traits (LHTs) have been proposed as a major driver of these variations. However, the relative contribution of each trait is poorly understood. Here, we test the influence of metabolic rate (MR), longevity, and generation time (GT) on the nuclear and mitochondrial synonymous substitution rates using a group of isopod species that have made multiple independent transitions to subterranean environments. Subterranean species have repeatedly evolved a lower MR, a longer lifespan and a longer GT. We assem- bled the nuclear transcriptomes and the mitochondrial genomes of 13 pairs of closely related isopods, each pair com- posed of one surface and one subterranean species. We found that subterranean species have a lower rate of nuclear synonymous substitution than surface species whereas the mitochondrial rate remained unchanged. We propose that this decoupling between nuclear and mitochondrial rates comes from different DNA replication processes in these two compartments. In isopods, the nuclear rate is probably tightly controlled by GT alone. In contrast, mitochondrial genomes appear to replicate and mutate at a rate independent of LHTs. These results are incongruent with previous studies, which were mostly devoted to vertebrates. We suggest that this incongruence can be explained by developmental differences between animal clades, with a quiescent period during female gametogenesis in mammals and birds which imposes a nuclear and mitochondrial rate coupling, as opposed to the continuous gametogenesis observed in most arthropods.
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DOI : 10.1093/molbev/msy184
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A new groundwater species of Pseudoniphargus (Amphipoda: Pseudoniphargidae) fromAlgeria
auteur
Marie-José Dole-Olivier, Hinda Hafid, Christophe Piscart
article
Zootaxa, 2018, 4482 (1), pp.125-139. ⟨10.11646/zootaxa.4482.1.5⟩
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DOI : 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.1.5
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Bioavailability and bioaccumulation of heavy metals of several soils and sediments (from industrialized urban areas) for Eisenia fetida
auteur
C. Coelho, C. Forêt, C. Bazin, L. Leduc, Myriam Hammada, M. Inácio, J.P. Bedell
article
Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 635, pp.1317-1330. ⟨10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.213⟩
resume
Soils and sediments are susceptible to anthropogenic contamination with Metallic Trace Elements (MTEs) and it can present some risks to ecosystems and human health. The levels of Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn were assessed in soils (C, G, K, L) from Estarreja (Portugal) and sediments from a stormwater basin in Lyon (DJG), a harbour (LDB) and a Rhône river site (TRS) (France). An ecotoxicological study was performed with Eisenia fetida (E. fetida) to infer about potential transfer risks to the soil invertebrates. To assess risks associated with MTEs contamination, it is important to know their total concen- trations, fractionation and the potential available fractions. CaCl2, DTPA and NaOAc extractions were performed to assess the extractable and available MTEs fractions. The studied sediments were much more contaminated than the soils for all the MTEs analysed. The trace elements fraction linked with DTPA extraction shows higher values when compared with the NaOAc and the CaCl2 pools. Low mortality effects were recorded in the tests with E. fetida. The MTEs levels in soils and sediments and the concen- trations bioaccumulated in adult earthworms contributed to a reduction in the number of juveniles produced. E. fetida adults and juveniles accumulated ETMs as follows: Cd N Cu = Zn N Ni N Pb N Fe. Determined BAFs were mostly lower than 1 with some higher values for Cd, Cu and Zn. Calculated SET and ERITME indexes allowed to classify the samples from the most to the less toxic for E. fetida as: LDB N DJG N L N G N C N K N TRS. Despite this order of toxicity, the earth- worms exposed to the sediment TRS presented the lowest reproduction rate. The combination of “chemical” measure- ments with the calculation of BAFs, but especially SET and ERITME indexes can be a useful tool in risk assessment.
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DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.213
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Controlling factors for differential subsidence in the Sonoma Foreland Basin (Early Triassic, western USA)
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Gwénaël Caravaca, Arnaud Brayard, Emmanuelle Vennin, Michel Guiraud, Laetitia Le Pourhiet, Anne-Sabine Grosjean, Christophe Thomazo, Nicolas Olivier, Emmanuel Fara, Gilles Escarguel, Kevin Bylund, James Jenks, Daniel Stephen
article
Geological Magazine, 2018, 155 (6), pp.1305 - 1329. ⟨10.1017/S0016756817000164⟩
resume
Sediments deposited from the Permian–Triassic boundary (~252 Ma) until the end-Smithian (Early Triassic; c. 250.7 Ma) in the Sonoma Foreland Basin show marked thickness variations between its southern (up to c. 250 m thick) and northern (up to c. 550 m thick) parts. This basin formed as a flexural response to the emplacement of the Golconda Allochthon during the Sonoma orogeny. Using a high-resolution backstripping approach, a numerical model and sediment thickness to obtain a quantitative subsidence analysis, we discuss the controlling factor(s) responsible for spatial variations in thickness. We show that sedimentary overload is not sufficient to explain the significant discrepancy observed in the sedimentary record of the basin. We argue that the inherited rheological properties of the basement terranes and spatial heterogeneity of the allochthon are of paramount importance in controlling the subsidence and thickness spatial distribution across the Sonoma Foreland Basin.
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DOI : 10.1017/S0016756817000164
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Anaerobic end-products and mitochondrial parameters as physiological biomarkers to assess the impact of urban pollutants on a key bioturbator
auteur
Mathilde Pigneret, Damien Roussel, Frédéric Hervant
article
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2018, 25 (27), pp.27225-27234. ⟨10.1007/s11356-018-2756-x⟩
resume
The impact of long-term exposure (6 months) to highly or slightly polluted sediments on the energy metabolism of an ecosystem engineer (the oligochaete Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri) was investigated in laboratory conditions. We evaluated some mitochondrial parameters (respiratory chain activity and ATP production rate) and the accumulation of anaerobic end-products (lactate, alanine, succinate, and propionate). The sediments were collected from stormwater infiltration basins and presented high levels of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These compounds had been drained by the runoff water on impervious surfaces of urban areas during rainfall events. A decrease in the activity of the mitochondrial electron transport chain was observed in worms exposed to the most polluted sediment. Urban contaminants disrupted both aerobic metabolism and mito- chondrial functioning, forcing organisms to shift from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism (which is characteristic of a situation of functional hypoxia). Although L. hoffmeisteri is very tolerant to urban pollutants, long-term exposure to high concentrations can cause disruption in mitochondrial activity and therefore energy production. Finally, this study demonstrated that anaerobic end- products could be used as biomarkers to evaluate the impact of a mixture of urban pollutants on invertebrates.
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DOI : 10.1007/s11356-018-2756-x
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Global Modern Charcoal Dataset (GMCD): A tool for exploring proxy-fire linkages and spatial patterns of biomass burning
auteur
Donna Hawthorne, Colin Courtney Mustaphi, Julie Aleman, Olivier Blarquez, Danièle Colombaroli, Anne-Laure Daniau, Jennifer Marlon, Mitchell Power, Boris Vannière, Yongming Han, Stijn Hantson, Natalie Kehrwald, Brian Magi, Xu Yue, Christopher Carcaillet, Rob Marchant, Ayodele Ogunkoya, Esther Githumbi, Rebecca Muriuki
article
Quaternary International, 2018, 488, pp.3 - 17. ⟨10.1016/j.quaint.2017.03.046⟩
resume
Progresses in reconstructing Earth's history of biomass burning has motivated the development of a modern charcoal dataset covering the last decades through a community-based initiative called the Global Modern Charcoal Dataset (GMCD). As the frequency, intensity and spatial scale of fires are predicted to increase regionally and globally in conjunction with changing climate, anthropogenic activities and land-use patterns, there is an increasing need to further understand, calibrate and interrogate recent and past fire regimes as related to changing fire emissions and changing carbon sources and sinks. Discussions at the PAGES Global Paleofire Working Group workshop 2015, including paleoecologists, numerical modelers, statisticians, paleoclimatologists, archeologists, and anthropologists, identified an urgent need for an open, standardized, quality-controlled and globally representative dataset of modern sedimentary charcoal and other sediment-based fire proxies. This dataset fits into a gap between metrics of biomass burning indicators, current fire regimes and land cover, and carbon emissions inventories. The dataset will enable the calibration of paleofire data with other modern datasets including: data of satellite derived fire occurrence, vegetation patterns and species diversity, land cover change, and a range of sources capturing biochemical cycling. Standardized protocols are presented for collecting and analyzing sediment-based fire proxies, including charcoal, levoglucosan, black carbon, and soot. The GMCD will provide a publically-accessible repository of modern fire sediment surface samples in all terrestrial ecosystems. Sample collection and contributions to the dataset will be solicited from lacustrine, peat, marine, glacial, or other sediments, from a wide variety of ecosystems and geographic locations.
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DOI : 10.1016/j.quaint.2017.03.046
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Control of soil N cycle processes by Pteridium aquilinum and Erica cinerea in heathlands along a pH gradient
auteur
Clément Bardon, Boris Misery, Florence Piola, Franck Poly, Xavier Le Roux
article
Ecosphere, 2018, 9 (9:e02426), ⟨10.1002/ecs2.2426⟩
resume
Nitrate is a limiting resource in heathland acid soils. Nitrate levels increase in heathland soils after Pteridium aquilinum invasions, and this species is assumed to biologically control nitrogen cycle processes, thus increasing nitrate availability. We compared how P. aquilinum (bracken) and Erica cinerea (bell heather) modify processes driving nitrate availability along a soil pH gradient in a Natura 2000 reserve facing bracken invasion. Soil nitrate and ammonium concentrations, substrate‐induced respiration (SIR), denitrification and nitrification enzyme activities (DEA and NEA, respectively), root procyanidin concentrations, and denitrification inhibition by procyanidins were measured on five sites under P. aquilinum and E. cinerea stands. NEA and nitrate levels were higher, and ammonium levels and SIR lower, for P. aquilinum in the most acid soils. Procyanidins from both species induced the same level of denitrification inhibition, soil nitrate being correlated with root procyanidin concentration for both species. Soil nitrate correlated with NEA only for P. aquilinum. Our results show that both species increased procyanidin production in the most acid soils, thereby reducing denitrification and decreasing nitrate loss, this process being more efficient for E. cinerea. However, P. aquilinum additionally increased nitrification, and this double control on nitrification and denitrification was very efficient to increase soil nitrate availability in the most acid soils. This may participate to the success of P. aquilinum invasions in heathlands. This shows that approaches for bracken control in heathlands should better account for belowground processes and, more generally, that biological denitrification inhibition by plants may be a widespread phenomenon influencing soil N dynamics in N‐poor environments.
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DOI : 10.1002/ecs2.2426
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Higher potential fire intensity at the dry range margins of European mountain trees
auteur
Thibaut Fréjaville, Thomas Curt, Christopher Carcaillet
article
Journal of Biogeography, 2018, 45 (9), pp.2003 - 2015. ⟨10.1111/jbi.13386⟩
resume
Aim: Potential fire intensity (PFI) is among the main drivers of fire–vegetation inter- actions, but how it varies across species ranges is unknown. We test whether PFI and crown fire likelihood (CFL) increase preferentially towards the warm/dry range margins of mountain trees. Location: The western Alps. Methods: We analysed PFI and CFL patterns across the environmental niches of major mountain forest tree species, using field observation data of surface fuels with fire simulations. Empirical relationships between PFI and climate and vegetation structure were identified in communities sampled for surface fuels, and then used to predict PFI in national forest inventory plots. Results: Simulations indicate that autumn drought, spring precipitation, tree cover and tree basal area drove the variation in understorey fuels among communities, leading to different PFI among and within the environmental ranges of mountain tree species. PFI was consistently higher in the open-canopy, dry margins of domi- nant tree species. The highest PFI values were found in the sub-Mediterranean and subalpine forests in conjunction with higher CFL. Main conclusions: Mountain trees are exposed to higher PFI and CFL at their dry range margins, suggesting higher potential fire impacts at their rear distribution edges. Moist montane species (Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba, Picea abies) are exposed to surface fires of lower intensities than sub-Mediterranean (Quercus pubescens, Pinus nigra, P. sylvestris) and subalpine species (Larix decidua, P. uncinata, P. cembra) which may both experience higher likelihood of crown fires at their dry and flam- mable margins.
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DOI : 10.1111/jbi.13386
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Influence of the β parameter of the Haverkamp model on the transient soil water infiltration curve
auteur
B. Latorre, D. Moret-Fernández, Laurent Lassabatère, M. Rahmati, M.V. López, Rafaël Angulo-Jaramillo, R. Sorando, F. Comin, J.J. Jiménez
article
Journal of Hydrology, 2018, 564, pp.222 - 229. ⟨10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.07.006⟩
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Soil water infiltration can be described with the quasi-analytical Haverkamp et al. (1994) equation, defined by the hydraulic conductivity (Ks), sorptivity (S) and the β parameter. Ks and S are commonly estimated from the transient cumulative infiltration curve, using a constant β value. The objective of this work was to study the influence of β on the estimation of Ks and S. The study was first performed on synthetic 1-D infiltration curves generated at different infiltration times for loam sandy, loamy and silty soils, and next extrapolated to a 3-D loam synthetic soil and on 10 infiltrations curves measured on the field with a disc infiltrometer on different types of soils. The infiltration measurements lasted between 600 and 900 s. The results showed that, while early infiltration times (i.e. 100 s) promoted good estimations for S, longer infiltrations (i.e. 1.000 s) were required to estimate accurately Ks. Only very long infiltration (i.e. 10.000 s) allowed defining the actual β value. A similar behaviour was observed for the 3-D infiltration measurements. Except for β, significant relationships (R2 = 0.99) were obtained between the Ks and S of the three theoretical soils and the corresponding values calculated by optimizing the three hydraulic parameters on 2.000 s 1-D infiltration curves. The large confidence interval observed in β (between 0.3 and 2.0) resulted from the fact that β had a small effect on the infiltration curve. A significant relationship (R2 = 0.99) was also obtained between the Ks and S optimized from the experimental curves using a β = 1.1 and the corresponding values obtained by simultaneous optimization of the three hydraulic parameters. These results demonstrated that S and Ks can be accurately estimated using a constant β and that downward infiltration is not an appropriate procedure to estimate β.
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DOI : 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.07.006
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Demographic response to patch destruction in a spatially structured amphibian population
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Hugo Cayuela, Aurélien Besnard, Ludivine Quay, Rémi Helder, Jean-Paul Léna, Pierre Joly, Julian Pichenot, Jason Rohr
article
Journal of Applied Ecology, 2018, 55 (5), pp.2204 - 2215. ⟨10.1111/1365-2664.13198⟩
resume
1. Economic activities such as logging and mineral extraction can result in the creation of new anthropogenic habitats that host specific biodiversity, including protected species. However, the legislation in many Western European countries requires the rehabilitation of “damaged” areas following logging and mining operations, which can eliminate these early successional habitats. Conservation managers face a dilemma in these situations, but often lack knowledge about the impacts of environmental rehabilitation on the population dynamics of pioneer species and so are unable to take this into account in their actions. 2. We investigated the demography of a spatially structured population of an endangered amphibian (Bombina variegata) that uses waterbodies created by logging activities as breeding sites. Using capture–recapture (CR) data collected during a 9-year study period, we examined how the destruction of breeding patches due to environmental rehabilitation affected adult survival and the long-term population growth rate. For this purpose, we used recently developed capture–recapture multievent models to estimate survival and dispersal rates in the spatially structured population. We then used these estimates to simulate population trajectories and viability depending on differing frequency of breeding patch destruction. 3. The multievent models revealed that dispersal not resulting from patch loss was relatively high and was sex biased. They also highlighted that patch destruction had a negative impact on adult survival. Moreover, simulations showed that the increase in patch destruction frequency had a strong negative influence on the population growth rate, even when the number of patches remained constant over time. This impact was intensified if female fecundity was also affected. 4. Synthesis and applications. Our study quantifies for the first time the detrimental effect of habitat rehabilitation on the population dynamics of an endangered, pioneer species. Our results show that this deleterious impact of patch destruction could be reduced by certain management practices, such as avoiding the systematic rehabilitation of the breeding patches and compensating for patch destruction by creating substitute breeding patches.
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DOI : 10.1111/1365-2664.13198
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Dispersal and alternative breeding site fidelity strategies in an amphibian
auteur
Mathieu Denoël, Séverine Dalleur, Estelle Langrand, Aurélien Besnard, Hugo Cayuela
article
Ecography, 2018, 41 (9), pp.1543-1555. ⟨10.1111/ecog.03296⟩
resume
Dispersal (i.e. movement from a natal or breeding site to another breeding site) is a central process in ecology and evolution as it affects the eco-evolutionary dynam- ics of spatially structured populations. Dispersal evolution is regulated by the bal- ance between costs and benefits, which is influenced by the individual phenotype (i.e. phenotype-dependent dispersal) and environmental factors (i.e. condition-dependent dispersal). Even though these processes have been extensively studied in species with simple life cycles, our knowledge about these mechanisms in organisms displaying complex life cycles remains fragmentary. In fact, little is specifically known about how the interplay between individual and environmental factors may lead to alternative dispersal strategies that, in turn, lead to the coexistence of contrasted site fidelity phe- notypes. In this paper, we examined breeding dispersal in a pond-breeding amphibian, the great crested newt Triturus cristatus, within usual walking distances for a newt. We took advantage of recent developments in multi-event capture–recapture models and used capture–recapture data (946 newts marked) collected in a spatially structured population occupying a large pond network (73 ponds). We showed a high rate of breeding site infidelity (i.e. pond use) and the coexistence of two dispersal phenotypes, namely, a highly pond faithful phenotype and a dispersing phenotype. Individuals that were site faithful at time t – 1 were therefore more likely to remain site faithful at time t. Our results also demonstrated that the probability that individuals belong to one or the other dispersal phenotypes depended on environmental and individual factors. In particular, we highlighted the existence of a dispersal syndrome implying a covariation pattern among dispersal behavior, body size, and survival. Our work opens new research prospects in the evolution of dispersal in organisms displaying complex life cycles and raises interesting questions about the evolutionary pathways that contribute to the diversification of movement strategies in the wild.
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DOI : 10.1111/ecog.03296
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Découverte d'un herbier signé Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert (1741-1814) à l'université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 parmi les collections de la Faculté catholique de Lyon
auteur
Mélanie Thiébaut, Blandine Bärtschi, Nicolas Falzon
article
Colligo : Histoire(s) des collections, 2018, 1 (1), pp.5-18
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Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert (1741-1814) was a doctor, botanist and politician in Lyon and famous through out Europe at the end of eighteenth-century (Age of Enlightenment). A fervent defender of Linnean classification, he taught, published and created the first botanical gardens and natural history cabinets in Lyon, but also in Poland and Lithuania. According to the scientific literature, his personal collections had all disap-peared. However, recently, a herbarium made of 26 bound volumes has been found in the herbarium of the University Claude Bernard Lyon 1. It was studied, inventoried and finally attributed to Gilibert.
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Les promenades botaniques de Clémence Lortet, née Richard (1772-1835)
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Pierre Lortet, Cédric Audibert, Blandine Bärtschi, Mélanie Thiébaut, Sarah Benharrech, Françoise Chambaud, Marc Philippe
article
Bulletin de la Société linnéenne de Lyon, 2018, 87 (7-8), pp.199-224
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The Promenades botaniques of Clémence Lortet, born Richard (1772-1835) Abstract. – Clémence Lortet, a scientist in the early 19th century, had a profound influence on botany in Lyon. Unfortunately, until now all of her work has remained unpublished, and for more than a century her texts were reputedly lost. Their rediscovery allows us to provide a transcription of the famous Promenades botaniques [botanical walks], an important testimony to the flora of Lyon around 1811. A transcription of Notes botaniques et journal [botanical notes and journal] accompanying this testimony offers information on the history of botany in Lyon. An introduction outlines the context in which these two texts on botany were written and notes specify, for instance, the identity of the people mentioned in the text. The existence of a female botanist network is also brought to light.
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In situ characterization of preferential flow by combining plot- and point-scale infiltration experiments on a hillslope
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Simone Di Prima, R. Marrosu, L. Lassabatère, Rafaël Angulo-Jaramillo, M. Pirastru
article
Journal of Hydrology, 2018, 563, pp.633-642. ⟨10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.06.033⟩
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DOI : 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.06.033
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Laboratory testing of Beerkan infiltration experiments for assessing the role of soil sealing on water infiltration
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Simone Di Prima, P. Concialdi, L. Lassabatère, Rafaël Angulo-Jaramillo, M. Pirastru, A. Cerdà, S. Keesstra
article
CATENA, 2018, 167, pp.373 - 384. ⟨10.1016/j.catena.2018.05.013⟩
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DOI : 10.1016/j.catena.2018.05.013
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Root exudation rate as functional trait involved in plant nutrient-use strategy classification
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Julien Guyonnet, Amélie A. M. Cantarel, Simon Laurent, Feth El Zahar Haichar
article
Ecology and Evolution, 2018, 8 (16), pp.8573-8581. ⟨10.1002/ece3.4383⟩
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Plants adopt a variety of life history strategies to succeed in the Earth's diverse environments. Using functional traits which are defined as morphological, biochemical, physiological, or phonological characteristics measurable at the individual level, plants are classified according to their species' adaptative strategies, more than their taxonomy, from fast growing plant species to slower-growing conservative species. These different strategies probably influence the input and output of carbon (C)-resources, from the assimilation of carbon by photosynthesis to its release in the rhizosphere soil via root exudation. However, while root exudation was known to mediate plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere, it was not used as functional trait until recently. Here, we assess whether root exudate levels are useful plant functional traits in the classification of plant nutrient-use strategies and classical trait syndromes? For this purpose, we conducted an experiment with six grass species representing along a gradient of plant resource-use strategies, from conservative species, characterized by low biomass nitrogen (N) concentrations and a long lifespans, to exploitative species, characterized by high rates of photosynthesis and rapid rates of N acquisition. Leaf and root traits were measured for each grass and root exudate rate for each planted soil sample. Classical trait syndromes in plant ecology were found for leaf and root traits, with negative relationships observed between specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content or between specific root length and root dry matter content. However, a new root trait syndrome was also found with root exudation levels correlating with plant resource-use strategy patterns, specifically, between root exudation rate and root dry matter content. We therefore propose root exudation rate can be used as a key functional trait in plant ecology studies and plant strategy classification.
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DOI : 10.1002/ece3.4383
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Early stage litter decomposition across biomes
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Ika Djukic, Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas, Inge Schmidt, Klaus Steenberg Klaus, Claus Beier, Björn Berg, Kris K. Verheyen, Adriano Adrian, Alain Paquette, Alba Gutiérrez-Girón, Alberto Humbert, Alejandro Valdecantos, Alessandro Petraglia, Heather Alexander, Algirdas Augustaitis, Amelie Saillard, Ana Carolina Ruiz Fernandez, Ana Sousa, Ana Lillebø, Anderson da Rocha Gripp, André-Jean Francez, Andrea Fischer, Andreas Bohner, Andrey Malyshev, Andrijana Andrić, Angela Stanisci, Anikó Seres, Anja Schmidt, Anna Avila, Anne Probst, Annie Ouin, Anzar Khuroo, Arne Verstraeten, Arely Palabral-Aguilera, Artur Stefanski, Aurora Gaxiola, Bart Muys, Bernard Bosman, Bernd Ahrends, Bill Parker, Birgit Sattler, Bo Yang, Bohdan Juráni, Brigitta Erschbamer, Carmen Eugenia Rodriguez Ortiz, Casper Christiansen, E. Carol Adair, Céline Meredieu, Cendrine Mony, Charles A. Nock, Chi-Ling Chen, Chiao-Ping Wang, Christel Baum, Christian Rixen, Christine Delire, Christophe Piscart, Christopher Andrews, Corinna Rebmann, Cristina Branquinho, Dana Polyanskaya, David Fuentes Delgado, Dirk Wundram, Diyaa Radeideh, Eduardo Ordóñez-Regil, Edward Crawford, Elena Preda, Elena Tropina, Elli Groner, Eric Lucot, Erzsébet Hornung, Esperança Gacia, Esther Lévesque, Evanilde Benedito, Evgeny Davydov, Evy Ampoorter, Fabio Padilha Bolzan, Felipe Varela, Ferdinand Kristöfel, Fernando T. Maestre, Florence Danger, Florian Hofhansl, Florian Kitz, Flurin Sutter, Francisco Cuesta, Francisco de Almeida Lobo, Franco Leandro de Souza, Frank Berninger, Franz Zehetner, Georg Wohlfahrt, George Vourlitis, Geovana Carreño-Rocabado, Gina Arena, Gisele Daiane Pinha, Grizelle González, Guylaine Canut, Hanna Lee, Hans Verbeeck, Harald Auge, Harald Pauli, Hassan Bismarck Nacro, Héctor Bahamonde, Heike Feldhaar, Heinke Jäger, Helena Serrano, Hélène Verheyden, Helge Bruelheide, Henning Meesenburg, Hermann Jungkunst, Hervé Jactel, Hideaki Shibata, Hiroko Kurokawa, Hugo Lopez Garcia, Hugo Rojas Villalobos, Ian Yesilonis, Inara Melece, Inge van Halder, Inmaculada García Quirós, Isaac Makelele, Issaka Senou, István Fekete, Ivan Mihal, Ivika Ostonen, Jana Borovská, Javier Roales, Jawad Shoqeir, Jean-Christophe Lata, Jean-Paul Theurillat, Jean-Luc Probst, Jess Zimmerman, Jeyanny Vijayanathan, Jianwu Tang, Jill Thompson, Jiří Doležal, Joan-Albert Sanchez-Cabeza, Joel Merlet, Joh Henschel, Johan Neirynck, Johannes Knops, John Loehr, Jonathan von Oppen, Jörg Löffler, José-Gilberto Cardoso-Mohedano, José-Luis Benito-Alonso, José Marcelo Torezan, Josef Morina, Juan Jiménez, Juan Dario Quinde, Juha Alatalo, Julia Seeber, Jutta Stadler, Kaie Kriiska, Kalifa Coulibaly, Karibu Fukuzawa, Katalin Szlavecz, Katarína Gerhátová, Kate Lajtha, Kathrin Käppeler, Katie Jennings, Katja Tielbörger, Kazuhiko Hoshizaki, Ken Green, Lambiénou Yé, Laryssa Helena Ribeiro Pazianoto, Laura Dienstbach, Laura Williams, Laura Yahdjian, Laurel Brigham, Liesbeth van den Brink, Lindsey Rustad, Lipeng Zhang, Lourdes Morillas, Lu Xiankai, Luciana Silva Carneiro, Luciano Di Martino, Luis Villar, Maaike Bader, Madison Morley, Marc Lebouvier, Marcello Tomaselli, Marcelo Sternberg, Marcus C. Schaub, Margarida Santos-Reis, Maria Glushkova, María Guadalupe Almazán Torres, Marie-Andrée Giroux, Marie-Anne de Graaff, Marie-Noëlle Pons, Marijn Bauters, Marina Mazón, Mark Frenzel, Markus Didion, Markus Wagner, Maroof Hamid, Marta Lopes, Martha Apple, Martin Schädler, Martin Weih, Matteo Gualmini, Matthew Vadeboncoeur, Michael Bierbaumer, Michaël Danger, Michael Liddell, Michael Mirtl, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Michal Růžek, Michele Carbognani, Michele Di Musciano, Michinari Matsushita, Miglena Zhiyanski, Mihai Pușcaș, Milan Barna, Mioko Ataka, Mo Jiangming, Mohammed Alsafran, Monique Carnol, Nadia Barsoum, Naoko Tokuchi, Nico Eisenhauer, Nicolas Lecomte, Nina Filippova, Norbert Hölzel, Olga Ferlian, Oscar Romero, Osvaldo Pinto, Pablo Peri, Paige Weber, Pascal Vittoz, Pavel Dan Turtureanu, Peter Fleischer, Peter Macreadie, Peter Haase, Peter Reich, Petr Petřík, Philippe Choler, Pierre Marmonier, Priscilla Muriel, Quentin Ponette, Rafael Dettogni Guariento, Rafaella Canessa, Ralf Kiese, Rebecca Hewitt, Regin Rønn, Rita Adrian, Róbert Kanka, Robert Weigel, Roberto Cazzolla Gatti, Rodrigo Lemes Martins, Romain Georges, Rosa Isela Ise, Rosario Gavilán, Sabyasachi Dasgupta, Sally Wittlinger, Sara Puijalon, Sarah Freda, Satoshi Sato, Sean Charles, Sébastien Gogo, Simon Drollinger, Simone Mereu, Sonja Wipf, Stacey Trevathan-Tackett, Stefan Löfgren, Stefan Stoll, Stefan Trogisch, Stefanie Hoeber, Steffen Seitz, Stephan Glatzel, Sue Milton, Sylvie Dousset, Taiki Mori, Takanori Sato, Takeshi Ise, Takuo Hishi, Tanaka Kenta, Tatsuro Nakaji, Thaisa Sala Michelan, Thierry Camboulive, Thomas Mozdzer, Thomas Scholten, Thomas Spiegelberger, Thomas Zechmeister, Till Kleinebecker, Tsutom Hiura, Tsutomu Enoki, Tudor-Mihai Ursu, Umberto Morra Di Cella, Andy Smith, Ute Hamer, Valentin Klaus, Vanessa Mendes Rêgo, Valter Di Cecco, Verena Busch, Veronika Fontana, Veronika Piscová, Victoria Carbonell, Victoria Ochoa, Vincent Bretagnolle, Vincent Maire, Vinicius Farjalla, Wenjun Zhou, Wentao Luo, William Mcdowell, Yalin Hu, Yasuhiro Utsumi, Yuji Kominami, Yulia Zaika, Yury Rozhkov, Zsolt Kotroczó, Zsolt Tóth
article
Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 628-629, pp.1369-1394. ⟨10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.012⟩
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Through litter decomposition enormous amounts of carbon is emitted to the atmosphere. Numerous large-scale decomposition experiments have been conducted focusing on this fundamental soil process in order to understand the controls on the terrestrial carbon transfer to the atmosphere. However, previous studies were mostly based on site-specific litter and methodologies, adding major uncertainty to syntheses, comparisons and meta-analyses across different experiments and sites. In the TeaComposition initiative, the potential litter decomposition is investigated by using standardized substrates (Rooibos and Green tea) for comparison of litter mass loss at 336 sites (ranging from
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DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.012
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Ecological constraints from incumbent clades drive trait evolution across the tree-of-life of freshwater macroinvertebrates
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Cesc Múrria, Sylvain Dolédec, Anna Papadopoulou, Alfried P Vogler, Nuria Bonada
article
Ecography, 2018, 41 (7), pp.1049 - 1063. ⟨10.1111/ecog.02886⟩
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The rates of species and trait diversification vary across the Tree-of-Life and over time. Whereas species richness and clade age generally are decoupled, the correlation of accumulated trait diversity of clades (trait disparity) with clade age remains poorly explored. Total trait disparity may be coupled with clade age if the growth of disparity (disparification) within and across clades is continuous with time in an additive niche expansion process (linear-cumulative model), or alternatively if the rate of trait disparification varies over time and decreases as ecological space becomes gradually saturated (disparity-dependent model). Using a clock-calibrated phylogenetic tree for 143 freshwater macroinvertebrate families and richness and trait databases covering > 6400 species, we measured trait disparity in 18 independent clades that successively transitioned to freshwater ecosystems and analyzed its relation with clade age. We found a positive correlation between clade age and total disparity within clades, but no relationship for most individual traits. Traits unique to freshwater lifestyle were highly variable within older clades, while disparity in younger clades shifted towards partially terrestrial lifestyles and saline tolerance to occupy habitats previously inaccessible or underutilized. These results argue that constraints from incumbent lineages limit trait disparity in younger clades that evolved for filling unoccupied regions of the trait space, which suggests that trait disparification may follow a disparity-dependent model. Overall, we provide an empirical pattern that reveals the potential of the disparity-dependent model for understanding fundamental processes shaping trait dynamics across the Tree-of-Life.
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DOI : 10.1111/ecog.02886
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Xurography-based microfluidic algal biosensor and dedicated portable measurement station for online monitoring of urban polluted samples
auteur
Antoine Gosset, Claude Durrieu, Louis Renaud, Anne-Laure Deman, Pauline Barbe, Rémy Bayard, Jean-François Chateaux
article
Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2018, 117, pp.669-677. ⟨10.1016/j.bios.2018.07.005⟩
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A critical need exists to develop rapid, in situ, and real-time tools to monitor the impact of pollution discharge toxicity on aquatic ecosystems. The present paper deals with the development of a novel, simple-to-use, low-cost, portable, and user-friendly algal biosensor. In this study, a complete and autonomous portable fluorimeter was developed to assess the A-chlorophyll fluorescence of microalgae, inserted by capillarity into low-cost and disposable xurography-based microfluidic chips. Three microalgae populations were used to develop the biosensor: Chlorella vulgaris, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biosensor feasibility and sensitivity parameters, such as algal concentration and light intensity, were optimized beforehand to calibrate the biosensor sensitivity with Diuron, a pesticide known to be very toxic for microalgae. Finally, the biosensor was employed in 10 aqueous urban polluted samples (7 urban wet-weather discharges and 3 wastewaters) in order to prove its reliability, reproducibility, and performance in the detection of toxic discharges in the field.
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DOI : 10.1016/j.bios.2018.07.005
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Simulations of freshwater lens recharge and salt/freshwater interfaces using the HYDRUS and SWI2 packages for MODFLOW
auteur
Adam Szymkiewicz, Anna Gumuła-Kawęcka, Jirka Šimůnek, Bertrand Leterme, Sahila Beegum, Beata Jaworska-Szulc, Małgorzata Pruszkowska-Caceres, Wioletta Gorczewska-Langner, Rafaël Angulo-Jaramillo, Diederik Jacques
article
Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics, 2018, 66 (2), pp.246-256. ⟨10.2478/johh-2018-0005⟩
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DOI : 10.2478/johh-2018-0005
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Does the efficiency of grazer introduction to restore and preserve the hydraulic performance of infiltration basins depend on the physical and biological characteristics of the infiltration media?
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Valerian Estragnat, Florian Mermillod-Blondin, Maxime Jully, Damien Lemoine, Laurent Lassabatère, Laurence Volatier
article
Ecological Engineering, 2018, 116, pp.127 - 132. ⟨10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.02.024⟩
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Groundwater constitutes the principal source of drinking water in Europe but the increase of urbanized impervious surfaces reduced the natural recharge of aquifers. To bypass this problem, infiltration systems have been largely developed for groundwater recharge. Nevertheless, the hydraulic performance of these systems is often altered by physical and biological clogging. The present study aimed to experimentally quantify the impact of a grazer (Viviparus viviparus) on hydraulic conductivity of three infiltration basins differentially clogged by benthic algal mat. The influence of the gastropod was also measured on the physical (proportion of silt and clay particles) and biological (algal biomass, bacteria abundance, total organic carbon, gross photosynthetic and hydrolytic activities) of the top layer of the infiltration media. We expected that grazers would have the highest influence on hydraulic performance of basin presenting the highest algal biomass. Our results showed that: (i) the grazers had a positive influence on hydraulic conductivity in the three basins; (ii) these positive effects were not significantly influenced by the initial conditions (algal biomass) in the three basins; and (iii) the impact of the grazers on hydraulic conductivity was not restricted to the removal of biofilm biomass by trophic action but may be also associated with bioturbation activities (pelletization and sediment reworking of the top sediment layer). While management practices developed to improve hydraulic performance of infiltration basins mainly focus on costly and non-environmentally friendly actions (e.g. mechanical sediment scraping), this study highlights the opportunity to consider alternative ecological solutions using the trophic and/or the bioturbation activities of animals.
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DOI : 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.02.024
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Consequences of electroshock-induced narcosis in fish muscle: from mitochondria to swim performance
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Loïc Teulier, Ludovic Guillard, C. Leon, C. Romestaing, Yann Voituron
article
Journal of Fish Biology, 2018, 92 (6), pp.1805 - 1818. ⟨10.1111/jfb.13621⟩
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Adult zebrafish Danio rerio were exposed to an electric shock of 3 V and 1A for 5 s delivered by field backpack electrofishing gear, to induce a taxis followed by a narcosis. The effect of such elec- tric shock was investigated on both the individual performances (swimming capacities and costs of transport) and at cellular and mitochondrial levels (oxygen consumption and oxidative balance). The observed survival rate was very high (96·8%) independent of swimming speed (up to 10 body length s−1). The results showed no effect of the treatment on the metabolism and cost of transport of the fish. Nor did the electroshock trigger any changes on muscular oxidative balance and bioenergetics even if red muscle fibres were more oxidative than white muscle. Phosphorylating respiration rates rose between (mean 1 s.e.) 11·16 ± 1·36 pmol O2 s−1 mg−1 and 15·63 ± 1·60 pmol O2 s−1 mg−1 for red muscle fibres whereas phosphorylating respiration rates only reached 8·73 ± 1·27 pmol O2 s−1 mg−1 in white muscle. Such an absence of detectable physiological consequences after electro-induced nar- cosis both at organismal and cellular scales indicate that this capture method has no apparent negative post-shock performance under the conditions of this study.
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DOI : 10.1111/jfb.13621
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Euryhaline ecology of early tetrapods revealed by stable isotopes
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Jean Goedert, Christophe Lécuyer, Romain Amiot, Florent Arnaud-Godet, Xu Wang, Linlin Cui, Gilles Cuny, Guillaume Douay, François Fourel, Gérard Panczer, Laurent Simon, J.-Sébastien Steyer, Min Zhu
article
Nature, 2018, 558 (7708), pp.68 - 72. ⟨10.1038/s41586-018-0159-2⟩
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The fish-to-tetrapod transition—followed later by terrestrialization—represented a major step in vertebrate evolution that gave rise to a successful clade that today contains more than 30,000 tetrapod species. The early tetrapod Ichthyostega was discovered in 1929 in the Devonian Old Red Sandstone sediments of East Greenland (dated to approximately 365 million years ago). Since then, our understanding of the fish-to-tetrapod transition has increased considerably, owing to the discovery of additional Devonian taxa that represent early tetrapods or groups evolutionarily close to them. However, the aquatic environment of early tetrapods and the vertebrate fauna associated with them has remained elusive and highly debated. Here we use a multi-stable isotope approach (δ13C, δ18O and δ34S) to show that some Devonian vertebrates, including early tetrapods, were euryhaline and inhabited transitional aquatic environments subject to high-magnitude, rapid changes in salinity, such as estuaries or deltas. Euryhalinity may have predisposed the early tetrapod clade to be able to survive Late Devonian biotic crises and then successfully colonize terrestrial environments.
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DOI : 10.1038/s41586-018-0159-2
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Multiple invasions in urbanized landscapes: interactions between the invasive garden ant Lasius neglectus and Japanese knotweeds (Fallopia spp.)
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Jérôme Gippet, Florence Piola, Soraya Rouifed, Marie-Rose Viricel, Sara Puijalon, Christophe Douady, Bernard Kaufmann
article
Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 2018, 12 (3), pp.351-360. ⟨10.1007/s11829-017-9589-2⟩
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Urbanized landscapes are the theater of multiple simultaneous biological invasions likely to affect spread dynamics when co-occurring introduced species interact with each other. Interactions between widespread invaders call for particular atten- tion because they are likely to be common and because non-additive outcomes of such associations might induce negative consequences (e.g., enhanced population growth increasing impacts or resistance to control). We explored the invasions of two widespread invasive taxa: the Japanese knotweed species complex Fallopia spp. and the invasive garden ant Lasius neglectus, in the urban area of Lyon (France). First, we investigated landscape habitat preferences as well as co-occurrence rates of the two species. We showed that Fallopia spp. and L. neglectus had broadly overlapping environmental preferences (measured by seven landscape variables), but their landscape co-occurrence pattern was random, indicating independent spread and non-obligatory association. Second, as Fallopia spp. produce extra-floral nectar, we estimated the amount of nectar L. neglectus used under field conditions without ant competitors. We estimated that L. neglectus collected 150–321 kg of nectar in the month of April (when nectar production is peaking) in a 1162 m2 knotweed patch, an amount likely to boost ant population growth. Finally, at six patches of Fallopia spp. surveyed, herbivory levels were low (1–6% loss of leaf surface area) but no relationship between ant abundance (native and invasive) and loss of leaf surface was found. Co-occurrences of Fallopia spp. and L. neglectus are likely to become more common as both taxa colonize landscapes, which could favor the spread and invasion success of the invasive ant.
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DOI : 10.1007/s11829-017-9589-2
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Plants in aquatic ecosystems: current trends and future directions
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Matthew O’hare, Francisca Aguiar, Takashi Asaeda, Elisabeth Bakker, Patricia Chambers, John Clayton, Arnaud Elger, Teresa Ferreira, Elisabeth Gross, Iain Gunn, Angela Gurnell, Seppo Hellsten, Deborah Hofstra, Wei Li, Silvia Mohr, Sara Puijalon, Krzysztof Szoszkiewicz, Nigel Willby, Kevin Wood
article
Hydrobiologia, 2018, 812 (1), pp.1 - 11. ⟨10.1007/s10750-017-3190-7⟩
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Aquatic plants fulfil a wide range of ecological roles, and make a substantial contribution to the structure, function and service provision of aquatic ecosystems. Given their well-documented importance in aquatic ecosystems, research into aquatic plants contin- ues to blossom. The 14th International Symposium on Aquatic Plants, held in Edinburgh in September 2015, brought together 120 delegates from 28 countries and six continents. This special issue of Hydrobiologia includes a select number of papers on aspects of aquatic plants, covering a wide range of species, systems and issues. In this paper, we present an overview of current trends and future directions in aquatic plant research in the early twenty first century. Our understanding of aquatic plant biology, the range of scientific issues being addressed and the range of techniques available to researchers have all arguably never been greater; however, substantial challenges exist to the conservation and management of both aquatic plants and the ecosystems in which they are found. The range of countries and continents represented by conference delegates and authors of papers in the special issue illustrates the global relevance of aquatic plant research in the early twenty first century but also the many challenges that this burgeoning scientific discipline must address.
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DOI : 10.1007/s10750-017-3190-7
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Estimating dispersal in spatiotemporally variable environments using multievent capture-recapture modeling
auteur
Hugo Cayuela, Roger Pradel, Pierre Joly, Eric Bonnaire, Aurélien Besnard
article
Ecology, 2018, 99 (5), pp.1150-1163. ⟨10.1002/ecy.2195⟩
resume
Dispersal is a key process in ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Spatiotemporal vari- ation in habitat availability and characteristics has been suggested to be one of the main cause involved in dispersal evolution and has a strong influence on metapopulation dynamics. In recent dec- ades, the study of dispersal has led to the development of capture–recapture (CR) models that allow movement between sites to be quantified, while handling imperfect detection. For studies involving numerous recapture sites, Lagrange et al. (2014) proposed a multievent CR model that allows disper- sal to be estimated while omitting site identity by distinguishing between individuals that stay and individuals that move. More recently, Cayuela et al. (2017) extended this model to allow survival and dispersal probabilities to differ for the different types of habitat represented by several sites within a study area. Yet in both of these modeling systems, the state of sites is assumed to be static over time, which is not a realistic assumption in dynamic landscapes. For that purpose, we generalized the multi- event CR model proposed by Cayuela et al. (2017) to allow the estimation of dispersal, survival and recapture probabilities when a site may appear or disappear over time (MODEL 1) or when the char- acteristics of a site fluctuate over space and time (MODEL 2). This paper first presents these two new modeling systems, and then provides an illustration of their efficacy and usefulness by applying them to simulated CR data and data collected on two metapopulations of amphibians. MODEL 1 was tested using CR data recorded on a metapopulation of yellow-bellied toads (Bombina variegata). In this first empirical case, we examined whether the drying-out dynamics of ponds and the past dispersal status of an individual might affect dispersal behavior. Our study revealed that the probability of facul- tative dispersal (i.e., from a pond group that remained available/flooded) fluctuated between years and was higher in individuals that had previously dispersed. MODEL 2 was tested using CR data collected on a metapopulation of great crested newts (Triturus cristatus). In this second empirical example, we investigated whether the density of alpine newts (Ichthyosaura alpestris), a potential competitor, might affect the dispersal and survival of the crested newt. Our study revealed that the departure rate was lower in ponds with a high density of heterospecifics than in ponds with a low density of heterospeci- fics at both inter-annual and intra-annual scales. Moreover, annual survival was slightly higher in ponds with a high density of heterospecifics. Overall, our findings indicate that these multievent CR models provide a highly flexible means of modeling dispersal in dynamic landscapes.
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DOI : 10.1002/ecy.2195
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A reappraisal of Lignier's Mesozoic fossil wood collection: Ages, nomenclature and taxonomy
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M. Philippe, M. Rioult, Jean-Philippe Rioult, Frédéric Thévenard
article
Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 2018, 252, pp.10 - 19. ⟨10.1016/j.revpalbo.2018.02.001⟩
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DOI : 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2018.02.001
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The Rosa genome provides new insights into the domestication of modern roses
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Olivier Raymond, Jerome Gouzy, Jérémy Just, Hélène Badouin, Marion Verdenaud, Arnaud Lemainque, Philippe Vergne, Sandrine Moja, Nathalie Choisne, Caroline C. Pont, Sébastien Carrere, Jean Claude Caissard, Arnaud Couloux, Ludovic Cottret, Jean-Marc Aury, Judit Szécsi, David D. Latrasse, Mohammed Madoui, Léa Francois, Xiaopeng Fu, Shu-Hua Yang, Annick Dubois, Florence Piola, Antoine Larrieu, Magali Perez, Karine Labadie, Lauriane Perrier, Benjamin Govetto, Yoan Labrousse, Priscilla Villand, Claudia Bardoux, Véronique Boltz, Celine Lopez-Roques, Pascal Heitzler, Teva Vernoux, Michiel Vandenbussche, Hadi Quesneville, Adnane Boualem, Abdelhafid Bendahmane, Chang Liu, Manuel Le Bris, Jérôme Salse, Sylvie Baudino, Moussa Benhamed, Patrick Wincker, Mohammed Bendahmane
article
Nature Genetics, 2018, 50 (6), pp.772-777. ⟨10.1038/s41588-018-0110-3⟩
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Roses have high cultural and economic importance as ornamental plants and in the perfume industry. We report the rose whole-genome sequencing and assembly and resequencing of major genotypes that contributed to rose domestication. We generated a homozygous genotype from a heterozygous diploid modern rose progenitor, Rosa chinensis ‘Old Blush’. Using single-molecule real-time sequencing and a meta-assembly approach, we obtained one of the most comprehensive plant genomes to date. Diversity analyses highlighted the mosaic origin of ‘La France’, one of the first hybrids combining the growth vigor of European species and the recurrent blooming of Chinese species. Genomic segments of Chinese ancestry identified new candidate genes for recurrent blooming. Reconstructing regulatory and secondary metabolism pathways allowed us to propose a model of interconnected regulation of scent and flower color. This genome provides a foundation for understanding the mechanisms governing rose traits and should accelerate improvement in roses, Rosaceae and ornamentals.
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DOI : 10.1038/s41588-018-0110-3
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Systematic conservation planning for intraspecific genetic diversity
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Ivan Paz-Vinas, Géraldine Loot, Virgilio Hermoso, Charlotte Veyssière, Nicolas Poulet, Gaêl Grenouillet, Simon Blanchet
article
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2018, 285 (1877), pp.2-10. ⟨10.1098/rspb.2017.2746⟩
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Intraspecific diversity informs the demographic and evolutionary histories of populations, and should be a main conservation target. Although approaches exist for identifying relevant biological conservation units, attempts to identify priority conservation areas for intraspecific diversity are scarce, especially within a multi-specific framework. We used neutral molecular data on six European freshwater fish species (Squalius cephalus, Phoxinus phoxinus, Barbatula barbatula, Gobio occitaniae, Leuciscus burdigalensis and Parachondrostoma toxostoma) sampled at the riverscape scale (i.e. the Garonne-Dordogne river basin, France) to determine hot-and coldspots of genetic diversity, and to identify priority conservation areas using a systematic conservation planning approach. We demonstrate that systematic conservation planning is efficient for identifying priority areas representing a predefined part of the total genetic diversity of a whole landscape. With the exception of private allelic richness (PA), classical genetic diversity indices (allelic richness, genetic uniqueness) were poor predictors for identifying priority areas. Moreover, we identified weak surrogacies among conservation solutions found for each species, implying that conservation solutions are highly species-specific. Nonetheless, we showed that priority areas identified using intraspecific genetic data from multiple species provide more effective conservation solutions than areas identified for single species or on the basis of traditional taxonomic criteria.
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DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2017.2746
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Assessing the impacts of the invasive frog, Xenopus laevis, on amphibians in western France
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Julien Courant, Jean Secondi, Julie Vollette, Anthony Herrel, Jean-Marc Thirion
article
Amphibia-Reptilia, 2018, 39 (2), pp.219 - 227. ⟨10.1163/15685381-17000153⟩
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As invasive species are one of the principal threats on global biodiversity, assessing their impact is a crucial element of conservation biology. Quantifying the possible impacts of an invasive population represents the first step in the establishment of efficient management plans. In this study, we applied a method of site-occupancy modeling to estimate the influence of an invasive frog, Xenopus laevis, on the amphibian species richness in western France. In our analyses we took into account habitat characteristics (i.e. the size and general shape of the ponds), the structure of the aquatic vegetation, the presence of other vertebrates, and the physicochemical parameters of the pond. Richness was negatively related to the abundance of X. laevis and to the time since colonization as estimated by the distance of the pond to the site of introduction. Habitat niche breadth of native amphibians did not differ between invaded and non-invaded areas. This might be a consequence of the homogeneity of the habitats selected for our study. The lack of heterogeneity in the abiotic factors, the absence of a correlation between species richness and these abiotic factors, and the correlation of the abundance and time since colonization by X. laevis with species richness suggest a negative effect of this species on local amphibians. This result highlights the importance of conservation and management plans aiming to limit the expansion of this invasive species.
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DOI : 10.1163/15685381-17000153
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Colloid Transport in Aggregated Porous Media with Intra- and Interaggregate Porosities
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H.J. Bai, L. Lassabatère, Edvina Lamy
article
Industrial and engineering chemistry research, 2018, 57 (18), pp.6553 - 6567. ⟨10.1021/acs.iecr.8b00501⟩
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Column tracer and colloid transport experiments were performed under both saturated and unsaturated steady state flow conditions in an aggregated porous medium with a bimodal pore size distribution (PSD): intra-aggregate porosity with a pore radius between 10–2 and 10–1 μm and interaggregate porosity ranged between 101 and 103 μm (interporosity). All experiments were carried out under unfavorable conditions for physicochemical attachment to solid–water interfaces, using negatively charged porous media and latex microspheres (1 μm). Both porous media and colloids used in this work were hydrophobic. The results obtained through experimental observations and numerical simulations in the aggregated medium were confronted with those obtained for a sandy medium, characterized by a narrow unimodal PSD with a pore radius which ranged between 101 and 102 μm (interporosity), to explore the relative importance of the PSD on water flow, colloid transport, and deposition. Physicochemical interactions between colloids and porous media, calculated according to the Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory, showed no primary minimum and low secondary minimum depth, suggesting reversible colloid retention and possibility for colloid detachment by hydrodynamics drag for both sand and aggregated media. Hydrodynamic drag forces were slightly greater than the resisting adhesive DLVO forces in the secondary minimum, indicating a possibility for colloid detachment. For the same flow rate, more nonuniform transport of colloids were obtained in the bimodal aggregated medium compared to the unimodal sand. If the nonuniform and preferential transport of colloids should contribute in decreasing of colloids retention, particularly under saturated flow conditions, surprisingly greater overall colloid retention was obtained in the aggregated medium. Based on the PSD, colloid exclusion from smaller pores has a higher probability to occur in the aggregated medium compared to the sand. Therefore, size exclusion contributed to the overall preferential transport in this dual porosity medium, and it was expected that this nonuniform transport would disfavor colloid retention. However, colloid retention efficiency at the column scale was higher for the aggregated medium compared to the sand under saturated flow conditions, despite a more uniform flow and transport in the later. This means that the presence of the intraporosity in the aggregated medium and related small pores contributed not only in colloid size exclusion, but it had also an opposite effect, resulting in additional deposition sites of colloid particles. Under unsaturated flow conditions, capillary forces governed colloid retention, independently from the PSD.
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DOI : 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b00501
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Divergent Mitochondrial Antioxidant Activities and Lung Alveolar Architecture in the Lungs of Rats and Mice at High Altitude
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Alexandra Jochmans-Lemoine, Susana Revollo, Gabriella Villalpando, Ibana Valverde, Marcelino Gonzales, Sofien Laouafa, Jorge Soliz, Vincent Joseph
article
Frontiers in Physiology, 2018, 9 (311), pp.1-13. ⟨10.3389/fphys.2018.00311⟩
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Compared with mice, adult rats living at 3,600 m above sea level (SL—La Paz, Bolivia) have high hematocrit, signs of pulmonary hypertension, and low lung volume with reduced alveolar surface area. This phenotype is associated with chronic mountain sickness in humans living at high altitude (HA). We tested the hypothesis that this phenotype is associated with impaired gas exchange and oxidative stress in the lungs. We used rats and mice (3 months old) living at HA (La Paz) and SL (Quebec City, Canada) to measure arterial oxygen saturation under graded levels of hypoxia (by pulse oximetry), the alveolar surface area in lung slices and the activity of pro- (NADPH and xanthine oxidases—NOX and XO) and anti- (superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase—SOD and GPx) oxidant enzymes in cytosolic and mitochondrial lung protein extracts. HA rats have a lower arterial oxygen saturation and reduced alveolar surface area compared to HA mice and SL rats. Enzymatic activities (NOX, XO, SOD, and GPx) in the cytosol were similar between HA and SL animals, but SOD and GPx activities in the mitochondria were 2–3 times higher in HA vs. SL rats, and only marginally higher in HA mice vs. SL mice. Furthermore, the maximum activity of cytochrome oxidase-c (COX) measured in mitochondrial lung extracts was also 2 times higher in HA rats compared with SL rats, while there was only a small increase in HA mice vs. SL mice. Interestingly, compared with SL controls, alterations in lung morphology are not observed for young rats at HA (15 days after birth), and enzymatic activities are only slightly altered. These results suggest that rats living at HA have a gradual reduction of their alveolar surface area beyond the postnatal period. We can speculate that the elevation of SOD, GPx, and COX activities in the lung mitochondria are not sufficient to compensate for oxidative stress, leading to damage of the lung tissue in rats.
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DOI : 10.3389/fphys.2018.00311
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Multi-contamination (heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) of littoral sediments and the associated ecological risk assessment in a large lake in France (Lake Bourget)
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Nathalie Lécrivain, Vincent Aurenche, Nathalie Cottin, Victor Frossard, Bernard Clement
article
Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 619-620, pp.854-865. ⟨10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.151⟩
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The lake littoral sediment is exposed to a large array of contaminants that can exhibit significant spatial variability and challenge our ability to assess contamination at lake scale. In this study, littoral sediment contamination was characterized among ten different sites in a large peri-alpine lake (Lake Bourget) regarding three groups of contaminants: 6 heavy metals, 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 7 polychlorinated biphenyls. The contamination profiles significantly varied among sites and differed from those previously reported for the deepest zone of the lake. An integrative approach including chemical and biological analyses was conducted to relate site contamination to ecological risk. The chemical approach consisted in mean PEC quotient calculation (average of the ratios of the contaminants concentration to their corresponding Probable Effect Concentration values) and revealed a low and heterogeneous toxicity of the contaminant mixture along the littoral. Biological analysis including both laboratory (microcosm assays) and in situ (Acetylcholine Esterase (AChE) and Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) activity measurements) experiments highlighted significant differences among sites both in the field and in laboratory assays suggesting a spatial variation of the biota response to contamination. Linear regressions were performed between mean PEC quotients and biological results to assess whether littoral ecological risk was explained by the contamination profiles. The results highly depended on the study benthic or pelagic compartment. Regarding autochthonous Corbicula fluminea, no significant relationship between mean PEC quotients and biomarker activity was found while a significant increase in AChE was observed on autochthonous chironomids, suggesting different stress among benthic organisms. Both AChE and GST in caged pelagic Daphnia magna showed a significant positive relationship with mean PEC quotients. This study underlines the importance of accounting for spatial variations in lake littoral sediment contamination and the need for performing an integrative approach coupling chemical, field and laboratory analyses to assess the ecological risk.
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DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.151
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Holocene vegetation and climate evolution of Corpus Christi and Trinity bays: Implications on coastal Texas source-to-sink deposition
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Shannon Ferguson, Sophie Warny, John Anderson, Alexander Simms, Gilles Escarguel
article
Geobios, 2018, 51 (2), pp.123 - 135. ⟨10.1016/j.geobios.2018.02.007⟩
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The Texas coastline stretches 595 km across almost 48 of latitude and is home to diverse coastal vegetation assemblages, yet only a handful of studies have documented the climate and vegetative change of this region through the Holocene. We provide a detailed palynological record of Holocene climate for coastal Texas, based upon three subaqueous sediment cores from Corpus Christi Bay and Trinity Bay. Cluster analysis and correspondence analysis were used to investigate changes in palynological assemblages through time within each core. Common to both bays are nonarboreal taxa including Asteraceae (mainly Ambrosia and Helianthus), Chenopodium, Poaceae, and arboreal taxa such as Carya, Pinus, and Quercus. Our record shows that the coastal environments of central Texas began a transition from herbaceous (nonarboreal) dominated vegetation to arboreal vegetation as early as 8.4 ka within Corpus Christi Bay, and 3.8 ka within Trinity Bay. We note flooding events at 8.2, 5.4, and 3.6 ka in Corpus Christi Bay, and at 1.7, 1.2, and 0.8 ka in Trinity Bay. These events were caused by storms, sea level changes including flooding of relict river terraces, and changes in sediment delivery to the bays. The pollen record also shows evidence for changes in fluvial discharge to Corpus Christi Bay at 4.1 and 2.2 ka, and at 1.8 ka in Trinity Bay. We also see Zea mays in Trinity Bay, indicating local Native American agriculture. We observe no significant changes during the middle Holocene Climatic Optimum, and subtle but not statistically significant evidence of more variable climate oscillations than other records from more interior sites in Texas available for the late Holocene. This indicates that coastal Texas’ climate has operated semi-independently from central Texas regions, and was primarily driven by a coast-wise gradient of precipitation and evapotranspiration.
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DOI : 10.1016/j.geobios.2018.02.007
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Développement de peuplements de moustiques (Diptera, Culicidae) dans des ouvrages de techniques alternatives de gestion des eaux pluviales
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M. Valdelfener, E. Sibeud, L. Bacot, G. Besnard, Y. Rozier, S. Barraud, Pierre Marmonier
article
TSM. Techniques Sciences Méthodes – Génie urbain, génie rural, 2018, 4, pp.55-71. ⟨10.1051/tsm/201804055⟩
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Sustainable urban stormwater management leads to the use of stormwater control measures (SCMs). These techniques have several advantages (limitation of flooding risks, multi-functional added values...) but lead to the construction of structures that can accommodate diversified communities. Adverse biodiversity can generate conflicts between inhabitants and water managers. The mosquitoes present in the stormwater management structures were studied in the Lyon Metropolis on SCMs (two green roofs and 15 retention and/or infiltration basins), 7 swales, 20 gullies pots with sand traps part of traditional pipe networks. The devices were sampled from May to November 2016. No mosquitoes were found in green roofs, swales did not retain water long enough and four non-pathogenic vectors species were found in the retention and/or infiltration basins: Culex pipiens (79.6% of individuals), Culiseta longiareolata (15.4%), Culex hortensis hortensis (3.9%) and Anopheles maculipennis sensu lato (1.1%). An increasing frequency was observed from May to July (90% of the water habitats were colonized over the period) followed by a decrease until November (20% of the habitats). Systems where water was drained properly (such as green roofs, infiltration basins drying up in less than 5 days) were not found to be significant breeding sites. Mosquitoes appeared as early as May in devices where water remains (such as sediment traps at the bottom of the basins) and proliferated during the summer. Gully pots with sand traps were found to be highly colonized by 3 species: Culex pipiens (80.3%), Culiseta longiareolata (8.7%) and Aedes albopictus (the “tiger mosquito”, a potential viral vector, 11%). Thus, SCMs, when properly designed (slope, complete emptying in less than 24 hours) and well maintained do not present a risk of dangerous mosquito proliferation.
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DOI : 10.1051/tsm/201804055
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Comparing Transient and Steady-State Analysis of Single-Ring Infiltrometer Data for an Abandoned Field Affected by Fire in Eastern Spain
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Simone Di Prima, Laurent Lassabatère, Jesús Rodrigo-Comino, Roberto Marrosu, Manuel Pulido, Rafaël Angulo-Jaramillo, Xavier Úbeda, Saskia Keesstra, Artemi Cerdà, Mario Pirastru
article
Water, 2018, 10 (4), ⟨10.3390/w10040514⟩
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DOI : 10.3390/w10040514
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Ecotoxicity and antibiotic resistance of a mixture of hospital and urban sewage in a wastewater treatment plant
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Marine Laquaz, Christophe Dagot, Christine Bazin, Thérèse Bastide, Margaux Gaschet, Marie-Cécile Ploy, Yves Perrodin
article
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2018, 25 (10), pp.9243-9253. ⟨10.1007/s11356-017-9957-6⟩
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DOI : 10.1007/s11356-017-9957-6
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Ecophysiology of the hydrothermal vent snail Ifremeria nautilei and barnacle Eochionelasmus ohtai manusensis , Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea: Insights from shell mineralogy and stable isotope geochemistry
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Ana-Voica Bojar, Christophe Lécuyer, Hans-Peter Bojar, François Fourel, Ştefan Vasile
article
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 2018, 133, pp.49-58. ⟨10.1016/j.dsr.2018.02.002⟩
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DOI : 10.1016/j.dsr.2018.02.002
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Fate, toxicity and bioconcentration of cadmium on Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Lemna minor in mid-term single tests
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Bernard Clément, Dominique Lamonica
article
Ecotoxicology, 2018, 27 (2), pp.132-143. ⟨10.1007/s10646-017-1879-z⟩
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DOI : 10.1007/s10646-017-1879-z
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Coping with waves: Plasticity in tidal marsh plants as self-adapting coastal ecosystem engineers
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Alexandra Silinski, Ken Schoutens, Sara Puijalon, Jonas Schoelynck, Deirdre Luyckx, Peter Troch, Patrick Meire, Stijn Temmerman
article
Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin, 2018, 63 (2), pp.799 - 815. ⟨10.1002/lno.10671⟩
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Tidal marsh vegetation is increasingly valued for its role in ecosystem-based coastal protection due to its wave dissipating capacity. As the efficiency of wave dissipation is known to depend on specific vegetation properties, we quantified how these morphological, biochemical, and biomechanical properties of tidal marsh vegetation are, in turn, affected by wave exposure. This was achieved by field measurements at two locations, with contrasting wave exposure, in the brackish part of the Scheldt Estuary (SW Netherlands), where Scirpus maritimus is the dominant pioneer species. Our results show that shoots from more wave-exposed conditions developed significantly shorter and thicker stems than the ones growing in more sheltered conditions. Furthermore, we show that the more exposed shoots are more flexible whereas the shoots growing in more sheltered conditions are stiffer. This may indicate plasticity in response to wave exposure following a stress-avoidance strategy. Increasing stiffness was shown to be related to enhanced biogenic silica and lignin contents of the shoot tissue. These properties might affect the wave-attenuating capacity of the marsh as stiff plants are known to mitigate waves more effectively than flexible ones. However, we also found higher shoot densities on the exposed site, which may partly explain why higher relative wave attenuation rates were found on the exposed site, despite the presence of more flexible individual shoots. This study highlights that the efficiency of wave attenuation by tidal marsh vegetation ultimately depends on mutual interactions between waves and plasticity in morphological, biochemical, and biomechanical plant properties.
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DOI : 10.1002/lno.10671
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Comparison of defence and performance traits between one widespread clone and native populations in a major invasive plant species
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Soraya Rouifed, Sara Puijalon, Clément Bardon, Guillaume Meiffren, Antoine Buonomo, Nadia Sebei, Sophie Poussineau, Félix Vallier, Michiko Shimoda, Florence Piola
article
Diversity and Distributions, 2018, 24 (3), pp.297-312. ⟨10.1111/ddi.12690⟩
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Aim The success of invasive species in their introduced range is often assumed to result from evolutionary changes in defence and growth traits, or as a response to more favourable conditions. The latter is assumed particularly for species exhibiting low, or even no, sexual reproduction in the introduced range. Location and Methods Here, we compared Japanese (native range) and French (introduced range) populations of Fallopia japonica under common growth conditions in a glasshouse. We measured height, aboveground and belowground mass, stem stiffness, leaf toughness and secondary metabolites found in hydroalcoholic extracts of rhizomes of F. japonica, as well as the competitive response of Rubus caesius (a co‐occurring native species in the invaded range) in the presence of F. japonica from both ranges. Results Aboveground biomass, height, stem stiffness and composition of secondary metabolites were not significantly different between the two ranges, showing that increased aboveground vigour observed in situ in France is probably the result of a plastic response following the release of abiotic or biotic constraints from the native range. On the other hand, belowground mass, effect on R. caesius, and leaf toughness were all higher in French populations, suggesting increases in competitive ability and defence mechanisms. These differences between France and Japan may be explained either by post‐introduction evolution or by the introduction in Europe, in nineteenth century, of an exceptionally vigorous clone (pre‐adaptation). Main conclusions Our results provide evidence that the high vigour of this major invasive species in its introduced range is probably due to both a response to more favourable conditions and rapid evolution.
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DOI : 10.1111/ddi.12690
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Inferring Causalities in Landscape Genetics: An Extension of Wright’s Causal Modeling to Distance Matrices
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Lisa Fourtune, Jérôme Prunier, Ivan Paz-Vinas, Géraldine Loot, Charlotte Veyssière, Simon Blanchet
article
The American Naturalist, 2018, 191 (4), pp.1-17. ⟨10.1086/696233⟩
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Identifying landscape features that affect functional con- nectivity among populations is a major challenge in fundamental and applied sciences. Landscape genetics combines landscape and genetic data to address this issue, with the main objective of disentangling direct and indirect relationships among an intricate set of variables. Causal modeling has strong potential to address the complex nature of land- scape genetic data sets. However, this statistical approach was not ini- tially developed to address the pairwise distance matrices commonly used in landscape genetics. Here, we aimed to extend the applicability of two causal modeling methods—that is, maximum-likelihood path analysis and the directional separation test—by developing statistical approaches aimed at handling distance matrices and improving func- tional connectivity inference. Using simulations, we showed that these approaches greatly improved the robustness of the absolute (using a frequentist approach) and relative (using an information-theoretic ap- proach) ␣ts of the tested models. We used an empirical data set combin- ing genetic information on a freshwater ␣sh species (Gobio occitaniae) and detailed landscape descriptors to demonstrate the usefulness of causal modeling to identify functional connectivity in wild populations. Speci␣cally, we demonstrated how direct and indirect relationships in- volving altitude, temperature, and oxygen concentration in␣uenced within- and between-population genetic diversity of G. occitaniae.
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DOI : 10.1086/696233
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Fasting enhances mitochondrial efficiency in duckling skeletal muscle by acting on the substrate oxidation system
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Damien Roussel, Mélanie Boël, Caroline Romestaing
article
Journal of Experimental Biology, 2018, 221 (4), ⟨10.1242/jeb.172213⟩
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During food deprivation, animals must develop physiological responses to maximize energy conservation and survival. At the subcellular level, energy conservation is mainly achieved by a reduction in mitochondrial activity and an upregulation of oxidative phosphorylation efficiency. The aim of this study was to decipher mechanisms underlying the increased mitochondrial coupling efficiency reported in fasted birds. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation activity, efficiency and membrane potential were measured in mitochondria isolated from the gastrocnemius muscle of ducklings. The content and activities of respiratory chain complexes were also determined. Results from ducklings fasted for 6 days were compared with ducklings fed ad libitum. Here, we report that 6 days of fasting improved coupling efficiency in muscle mitochondria of ducklings by depressing proton-motive force through the downregulation of substrate oxidation reactions. Fasting did not change the basal proton conductance of mitochondria but largely decreased the oxidative phosphorylation activity, which was associated with decreased activities of succinate–cytochrome c reductase (complexes II–III) and citrate synthase, and altered contents in cytochromes b and c+c1. In contrast, fasting did not change cytochrome aa3 content or the activity of complexes I, II and IV. Altogether, these data show that the lower capacity of the respiratory machinery to pump protons in ducklings fasted for 6 days generates a lower membrane potential, which triggers a decreased proton leak activity and thus a higher coupling efficiency. We propose that the main site of action would be located at the level of co-enzyme Q pool/complex III of the electron transport chain.
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DOI : 10.1242/jeb.172213
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The One health concept : 10 years old and a long road ahead
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Delphine Destoumieux-Garzón, Patrick Mavingui, Gilles Boëtsch, Jérôme Boissier, Frédéric Darriet, Priscilla Duboz, Clémentine Fritsch, Patrick Giraudoux, Frédérique Le Roux, Serge Morand, Christine Paillard, Dominique Pontier, Cédric Sueur, Yann Voituron
article
Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2018, 5, pp.14. ⟨10.3389/fvets.2018.00014⟩
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Over the past decade, a significant increase in the circulation of infectious agents was observed. With the spread and emergence of epizootics, zoonoses, and epidemics, the risks of pandemics became more and more critical. Human and animal health has also been threatened by antimicrobial resistance, environmental pollution, and the development of multifactorial and chronic diseases. This highlighted the increasing globalization of health risks and the importance of the human-animal-ecosystem interface in the evolution and emergence of pathogens. A better knowledge of causes and consequences of certain human activities, lifestyles, and behaviors in ecosystems is crucial for a rigorous interpretation of disease dynamics and to drive public policies. As a global good, health security must be understood on a global scale and from a global and crosscutting perspective, integrating human health, animal health, plant health, ecosystems health, and biodiversity. In this study, we discuss how crucial it is to consider ecological, evolutionary, and environmental sciences in understanding the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases and in facing the challenges of antimicrobial resistance. We also discuss the application of the "One Health" concept to non-communicable chronic diseases linked to exposure to multiple stresses, including toxic stress, and new lifestyles. Finally, we draw up a list of barriers that need removing and the ambitions that we must nurture for the effective application of the "One Health" concept. We conclude that the success of this One Health concept now requires breaking down the interdisciplinary barriers that still separate human and veterinary medicine from ecological, evolutionary, and environmental sciences. The development of integrative approaches should be promoted by linking the study of factors underlying stress responses to their consequences on ecosystem functioning and evolution. This knowledge is required for the development of novel control strategies inspired by environmental mechanisms leading to desired equilibrium and dynamics in healthy ecosystems and must provide in the near future a framework for more integrated operational initiatives.
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DOI : 10.3389/fvets.2018.00014
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Ecology-based evaluation of groundwater ecosystems under intensive agriculture: A combination of community analysis and sentinel exposure
auteur
Pierre Marmonier, Chafik Maazouzi, Nicole Baran, Simon Blanchet, Amy Ritter, Maritxu Saplairoles, Marie-José Dole-Olivier, Diana M.P. Galassi, David Eme, Sylvain Dolédec, Christophe Piscart
article
Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 613-614, pp.1353-1366. ⟨10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.191⟩
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Ecological criteria are needed for a comprehensive evaluation of groundwater ecosystem health by including biological components with the physical and chemical properties that are already required by European directives. Two methodological approaches to assess the ecological status of groundwater ecosystems were combined in two alluvial plains (the Ariege and Hers Rivers, southwestern France) varying in agriculture intensity (from grassland to crop rotation including maize and sunflower, and to maize monoculture). In the first approach, the composition of invertebrate assemblages (only obligate-groundwater crustaceans, i.e. stygobionts) sampled in 28 wells differing in their land use contexts was analysed. Abundance, species richness, and assemblage composition significantly changed with agricultural land use or urbanization around the wells. In the second approach, we tested an in situ exposure of sentinel organisms to quantify their response to the environmental pressures. The epigean and native amphipod species Gammarus cf. orinos was used as the sentinel species. Amphipods (30 individuals in each of 10 wells) were exposed for one week to the in situ conditions at two seasons with contrasted concentrations of pollutants. The Ecophysiological Index (EPI) synthetizing the survival rates and energetic storage decreased in wells with low oxygen and high nitrate concentrations, but only during the highest contamination period. Atrazine-related compounds negatively impacted sentinel health whatever the season. The combination of these two approaches may have major applications for orientating groundwater ecosystem management.
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DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.191
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Paintings predict the distribution of species, or the challenge of selecting environmental predictors and evaluation statistics
auteur
Yoan Fourcade, Aurélien G. Besnard, Jean Secondi
article
Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2018, 27 (2), pp.245-256. ⟨10.1111/geb.12684⟩
resume
Aim: Species distribution modelling, a family of statistical methods that predicts species distribu- tions from a set of occurrences and environmental predictors, is now routinely applied in many macroecological studies. However, the reliability of evaluation metrics usually employed to validate these models remains questioned. Moreover, the emergence of online databases of environmental variables with global coverage, especially climatic, has favoured the use of the same set of standard predictors. Unfortunately, the selection of variables is too rarely based on a careful examination of the species’ ecology. In this context, our aim was to highlight the importance of selecting ad hoc variables in species distribution models, and to assess the ability of classical evaluation statistics to identify models with no biological realism. Innovation: First, we reviewed the current practices in the field of species distribution modelling in terms of variable selection and model evaluation. Then, we computed distribution models of 509 European species using pseudo-predictors derived from paintings or using a real set of climatic and topographic predictors. We calculated model performance based on the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) and true skill statistics (TSS), partitioning occurrences into training and test data with different levels of spatial independence. Most models computed from pseudo- predictors were classified as good and sometimes were even better evaluated than models com- puted using real environmental variables. However, on average they were better discriminated when the partitioning of occurrences allowed testing for model transferability. Main conclusions: These findings confirm the crucial importance of variable selection and the inability of current evaluation metrics to assess the biological significance of distribution models. We recommend that researchers carefully select variables according to the species’ ecology and evaluate models only according to their capacity to be transfered in distant areas. Nevertheless, statistics of model evaluations must still be interpreted with great caution.
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DOI : 10.1111/geb.12684
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Do cryptic species matter in macroecology? Sequencing European groundwater crustaceans yields smaller ranges but does not challenge biodiversity determinants
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David Eme, Maja Zagmajster, Teo Delić, Cene Fišer, Jean-François Flot, Lara Konecny-Dupré, Snaebjörn Pálsson, Fabio Stoch, Valerija Zakšek, Christophe Jean Douady, Florian Malard
article
Ecography, 2018, 41 (2), pp.424 - 436. ⟨10.1111/ecog.02683⟩
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Ecologists increasingly rely on molecular delimitation methods (MMs) to identify spe- cies boundaries, thereby potentially increasing the number of putative species because of the presence of morphologically cryptic species. It has been argued that cryptic species could challenge our understanding of what determine large-scale biodiversity patterns which have traditionally been documented from morphology alone. Here, we used morphology and three MMs to derive four different sets of putative species among the European groundwater crustaceans. Then, we used regression models to compare the relative importance of spatial heterogeneity, productivity and historical climates, in shaping species richness and range size patterns across sets of putative spe- cies. We tested three predictions. First, MMs would yield many more putative species than morphology because groundwater is a constraining environment allowing little morphological changes. Second, for species richness, MMs would increase the impor- tance of spatial heterogeneity because cryptic species are more likely along physical barriers separating ecologically similar regions than along resource gradients promot- ing ecologically-based divergent selection. Third, for range size, MMs would increase the importance of historical climates because of reduced and asymmetrical fragmenta- tion of large morphological species ranges at northern latitudes. MMs yielded twice more putative species than morphology and decreased by 10-fold the average species range size. Yet, MMs strengthened the mid-latitude ridge of high species richness and the Rapoport effect of increasing range size at higher latitudes. Species richness predictors did not vary between morphology and MMs but the latter increased the proportion of variance in range size explained by historical climates. These findings demonstrate that our knowledge of groundwater biodiversity determinants is robust to overlooked cryptic species because the latter are homogeneously distributed along environmental gradients. Yet, our findings call for incorporating multiple species delimitation methods into the analysis of large-scale biodiversity patterns across a range of taxa and ecosystems.
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DOI : 10.1111/ecog.02683
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New national and regional bryophyte records, 54
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L.T. Ellis, J. Wilbraham, M. Aleffi, A. Asthana, K. Rawat, D. Gupta, V. Sahu, P. Katiyar, G. Asthana, A. Srivastava, K. Barath, H. Bednarek-Ochyra, J. Bruno Silva, C. Emanuely de Araújo Farias, S. Rangel Germano, V. Czernyadjeva, G. Doroshina, C. Delgadillo Moya, P. Peña Retes, Peter Erzberger, E. Fuertes, D. Garcia-Avila, R. Garilleti, A. Hedderson, A. West, V. Hugonnot, H. Kürschner, J. Lagrandie, F. Lara, I. Draper, Marc Lebouvier, N. Lönnell, T. Hallingbäck, A. Mesterházy, J. Muñoz, S. Németh, A. Park, B.-Y. Sun, G. Perez, V. Plášek, S. Poponessi, R. Vernanzoni, D. Gigante, M. Philippe, R. Porley, C. Sérgio, P. Ministro, S. Ştefănuţ, M. Suarez, M. Flores, M. Sulayman, Nicholas Wilding, Y.-J. Yoon
article
Journal of Bryology, 2018, 40 (1), pp.74-97. ⟨10.1080/03736687.2018.1425573⟩
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DOI : 10.1080/03736687.2018.1425573
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MIS 5–1 dinoflagellate cyst analyses and morphometric evaluation of Galeacysta etrusca and Spiniferites cruciformis in southwestern Black Sea
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Shannon Ferguson, Sophie Warny, Gilles Escarguel, Petra Mudie
article
Quaternary International, 2018, 465, pp.117 - 129. ⟨10.1016/j.quaint.2016.07.035⟩
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Here we evaluate the changes in dinoflagellate cyst assemblages and intraspecies morphometric vari- ability in dominant Black Sea species during MIS 5␣1 in sediment recovered from DSDP Site 380. Twenty-three taxa represent the majority of the 16,000 cysts tabulated. Qualitative assessment of assemblage composition indicates that the taxa are distributed in three ecological assemblages; marine stenohaline, marine euryhaline, and brackish Ponto-Caspian endemic species; the fluctuation of these assemblages provide evidence for changes in environmental conditions from the end of MIS 5e to MIS 1. Although some fluctuations in sea-surface salinity are highlighted by changes in dinoflagellate assem- blages, the continuous presence of Pyxidinopsis psilata, Galeacysta etrusca and Spiniferites cruciformis likely indicate brackish conditions for most of the interval sampled at this site. Statistical analysis of measured morphometric changes in Galeacysta etrusca endocyst:ectocyst ratios indicate that the spec- imens recovered mostly belong to a smaller morphotype forming group ‘b’ of Popescu et al. (2009), interpreted as indicative of brackishemarine conditions after migration to the Mediterranean from the Paratethys. Although not fully conclusive because of sampling constraints and limited chronological control, the lack of sudden, large abundance changes in marine salinity-tolerant species the relatively low species diversity, and the sequence of sapropelic layers relative to banded clastic muds provides evidence against the occurrence of sustained marine flooding between ca. 0.07e0.007 Ma and it is not clear that the last interglacial marine highstand during MIS 5e was fully sampled at this site.
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DOI : 10.1016/j.quaint.2016.07.035
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Does the Tachet trait database report voltinism variability of aquatic insects between Mediterranean and Scandinavian regions?
auteur
Nuria Bonada, Sylvain Dolédec
article
Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries, 2018, 80 (1), ⟨10.1007/s00027-017-0554-z⟩
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DOI : 10.1007/s00027-017-0554-z
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Early Triassic environmental dynamics and microbial development during the Smithian–Spathian transition (Lower Weber Canyon, Utah, USA).
auteur
Anne-Sabine Grosjean, Emmanuelle Vennin, Nicolas Olivier, Gwénaël Caravaca, Christophe Thomazo, Emmanuel Fara, Gilles Escarguel, Kevin G. Bylund, James F. Jenks, Daniel A. Stephen, Arnaud Brayard
article
Sedimentary Geology, 2018, 363, pp.136-151. ⟨10.1016/j.sedgeo.2017.11.009⟩
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The Early Triassic biotic recovery following the end-Permian mass extinction is well documented in the Smithian–Spathian Thaynes Group of the western USA basin. This sedimentary succession is commonly interpreted as recording harsh conditions of various shallow marine environments where microbial structures flourished. However, recent studies questioned the relevance of the classical view of long-lasting deleterious post-crisis conditions and suggested a rapid diversification of some marine ecosystems during the Early Triassic. Using field and microfacies analyses, we investigate a well-preserved Early Triassic marine sedimentary succession in Lower Weber Canyon (Utah, USA). The identification of microbial structures and their depositional settings provide insights on factors controlling their morphologies and distribution. The Lower Weber Canyon sediments record the vertical evolution of depositional environments from a middle Smithian microbial and dolosiliciclastic peritidal system to a late Smithian-early Spathian bioclastic, muddy mid ramp. The microbial deposits are interpreted as Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures (MISS) that developed either (1) in a subtidal mid ramp where microbial wrinkles and chips are associated with megaripples characterizing hydrodynamic conditions of lower flow regime, or (2) in protected areas of inter- to subtidal inner ramp where they formed laminae and domal structures. Integrated with other published data, our investigations highlight that the distribution of these microbial structures was influenced by the combined effects of bathymetry, hydrodynamic conditions, lithology of the substrat physico-chemical characteristics of the depositional environment and by the regional relative sea-level fluctuations. Thus, we suggest that local environmental factors and basin dynamics primarily controlled the modalities of microbial development and preservation during the Early Triassic in the western USA basin.
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DOI : 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2017.11.009
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Changes in the aquatic macroinvertebrate communities throughout the expanding range of an invasive anuran
auteur
Julien Courant, Elise Vollette, Jean Secondi, Anthony Herrel
article
Food Webs, 2018, 17, pp.e00098. ⟨10.1016/j.fooweb.2018.e00098⟩
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Invasive species are among the most significant threats to biodiversity. They have direct and indirect effects on the colonized environments including the alteration of food webs structure by predation. Thus, the diet of invasive animal populations, and its effects on trophic networks, is a crucial factor that must be considered in the context of global change. In this study, we focused on the invasive population of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis in France, and compared the composition of the aquatic macroinvertebrate communities in colonized ponds of the core and the edge of the population range, as well as in surrounding areas. While previous studies recorded a broad diet of invertebrate and a low selectivity of prey items, they failed to identify the prey categories the most strongly affected. Here, we report a significant decrease in the proportion of nektonic macroinvertebrates in ponds occupied by X. laevis. Interestingly, this effect is not significant when evaluating the density of each taxonomic category of nektonic invertebrate separately. This result, combined with the existing literature, suggests that X. laevis preferably consumes large nektonic items first when it arrives at a new site and subsequently focuses on smaller planktonic or benthic prey after the proportion of nekton has been reduced.
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DOI : 10.1016/j.fooweb.2018.e00098
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Assessment of long term ecotoxicity of urban stormwaters using a multigenerational bioassay on Ceriodaphnia dubia: A preliminary study
auteur
Antoine Gosset, Adriana Wigh, Sylvie Bony, Alain Devaux, Rémy Bayard, Claude Durrieu, Melissa Brocart, Marine Applagnat, Christine Bazin
article
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART A-TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, 2018, 53 (3), pp.244-252. ⟨10.1080/10934529.2017.1394722⟩
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Standardized ecotoxicity bioassays show some limits to assess properly long-term residual toxicity of complex mixture of pollutants often present at low concentration, such as stormwaters. Among invertebrate organisms used for ecotoxicity testing, the microcrustacean Ceriodaphnia dubia (C. dubia) is considered as one of the most sensitive, especially regarding reproduction impairment as a toxicity endpoint. Consequently, the present work explores the interest to perform a multi-generational assay based on the study of the reproduction of C. dubia to assess long-term ecotoxicity of complex mixture, using stormwater samples. With this in mind, a battery of standardized bioassays (Daphnia magna mobility, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata population growth, Heterocypris incongruens growth and one generation C. dubia reproduction inhibition assays) was performed in parallel to a three generation C. dubia reproduction inhibition assay on 2 stormwater samples. Results highlighted that while all standardized bioassays failed to reveal residual toxicity in the stormwater samples, the C. dubia multi-generational assay exhibited an higher sensitivity than the previous ones. No adverse effect was observed for the first exposed generation, but an increase in mortality and a reproduction disturbance was obtained in the second and third exposed generation depending of the sample. Further experiments are now needed to optimize the exposure protocol of this multi-generational assay.
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DOI : 10.1080/10934529.2017.1394722
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titre
Late Smithian microbial deposits and their lateral marine fossiliferous limestones (Early Triassic, Hurricane Cliffs, Utah, USA)
auteur
Nicolas Olivier, Emmanuel Fara, Emmanuelle Vennin, Kevin Bylund, James Jenks, Gilles Escarguel, Daniel A. Stephen, Nicolas Goudemand, Dawn Snyder, Christophe Thomazo, Arnaud Brayard
article
Facies, 2018, 64 (2), pp.13. ⟨10.1007/s10347-018-0526-3⟩
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Recurrent microbialite proliferations during the Early Triassic are usually explained by ecological relaxation and abnormal oceanic conditions. Most Early Triassic microbialites are described as single or multiple lithological units without detailed ecological information about lateral and coeval fossiliferous deposits. Exposed rocks along Workman Wash in the Hurricane Cliffs (southwestern Utah, USA) provide an opportunity to reconstruct the spatial relationships of late Smithian microbialites with adjacent and contemporaneous fossiliferous sediments. Microbialites deposited in an intertidal to subtidal interior platform are intercalated between inner tidal flat dolosiltstones and subtidal bioturbated fossiliferous limestones. Facies variations along these fossiliferous deposits and microbialites can be traced laterally over a few hundreds of meters. Preserved organisms reflect a moderately diversified assemblage, contemporaneous to the microbialite formation. The presence of such a fauna, including some stenohaline organisms (echinoderms), indicates that the development of these late Smithian microbial deposits occurred in normal-marine waters as a simple facies belt subject to relative sea-level changes. Based on this case study, the proliferation of microbialites cannot be considered as direct evidence for presumed harsh environmental conditions.
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DOI : 10.1007/s10347-018-0526-3
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Influence of tubificid worms on sediment structure, benthic biofilm and fauna in wetlands: A field enclosure experiment
auteur
Florian Mermillod-Blondin, Morgane Bouvarot, Yann Déjollat, Jérôme Adrien, E. Maire, Damien Lemoine, Pierre Marmonier, Laurence Volatier
article
Freshwater Biology, 2018, 63 (11), pp.1420-1432. ⟨10.1111/fwb.13169⟩
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1. Bioturbation activities of tubificid worms play a major role in nutrient cycling and microbial processes occurring at water–sediment interfaces of freshwater environments. Nevertheless, evidence of significant contributions of worms to ecosystem functioning largely arises from experiments performed at laboratory scales, because studies exploring the role of tubificid worms in the field are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to test the influence of tubificid worms on benthic habitat structure and functioning in field experiments. According to literature, we predicted that feeding activities of tubificid worms would increase the percentage of clay and silt particles, the bacterial growth and microbial activities in the top sediment layer.2. The experiment was performed at the water–sediment interface of a shallow wetland. Enclosures with and without addition of the tubificid worm Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri were used to quantify the influences of tubificid worms on the sedimentary habitat (sediment grain size distribution, water‐filled porosity using microtomography), the biofilm (algal biomass, bacterial abundance, total organic carbon and total nitrogen, microbial enzymatic activity, photosynthetic activity and efficiency of the photosystem II) and the benthic fauna. Measures were performed before worm addition and at the end of the experiment.3. After 6 weeks, the proportion of fine sediment particles (<63 μm) and the water‐filled porosity were significantly modified by the bioturbation activities of tubificid worms. The bacterial abundance was stimulated by twofold, the microbial hydrolytic activity by +35% and the algal biomass by +40%. The field enclosures with and without L. hoffmeisteri showed differences in benthic invertebrate assemblages, especially for nematodes that were excluded from enclosures with worms.4. Our results indicate that bioturbation mechanisms and impacts reported from laboratory experiments with tubificid worms are not only significant at a field scale, but also highlight unpredicted interactions with other benthic organisms (autotrophic compartment of the biofilm and invertebrates).
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DOI : 10.1111/fwb.13169
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Fir expansion not controlled by moderate densities of large herbivores: a Mediterranean mountain grassland conservation issue
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Sandrine Chauchard, Christopher Carcaillet, Frédéric Guibal
article
Annals of Forest Science, 2018, 75 (4), pp.94. ⟨10.1007/s13595-018-0774-y⟩
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Context Forest expansion following the cessation of grazing is a threat to biodiversity in mountain grasslands that are compo- nents of Mediterranean cultural landscapes. & Aims We hypothesised that ungulates could mitigate tree recruitment, thus conserving mountain grasslands. We tested the efficiency of grazing and browsing by domestic and wild ungulates (sheep, roe and red deer) at inhibiting silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) encroachment in a conservation area, one of the main browsed trees. Methods The fir trees’ age structure was analysed by dendrochronology, and the individual growth patterns and scars were recorded in their tree-ring series. & Results Fir density has increased since the 1960s, simultaneously with the increase in ungulate populations. The scar occur- rences only appeared during the 1970s. Most scars were observed on seedlings and small saplings. The impacts of ungulates are observed on the radial and height growth of trees, mostly on trees < 100 cm, but it did not however result in controlling the recruitment of fir. Conclusion The hypothesis that a moderate density of ungulates might inhibit tree encroachment is therefore rejected, even in the case of a highly palatable species such as silver fir. Ungulates, solely, would not be an appropriate policy for grassland conservation in Mediterranean mountains.
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DOI : 10.1007/s13595-018-0774-y
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https://univ-lyon1.hal.science/hal-01988992/file/Chauchard%20et%20al%20Annals%20of%20Forest%20Science%202018.pdf BibTex
titre
Development and analysis of the Soil Water Infiltration Global database
auteur
Mehdi Rahmati, Lutz Weihermüller, Jan Vanderborght, Yakov A. Pachepsky, Lili Mao, Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi, Niloofar Moosavi, Hossein Kheirfam, Carsten Montzka, Kris van Looy, Brigitta Toth, Zeinab Hazbavi, Wafa Al Yamani, Ammar A. Albalasmeh, Ma’in Z Alghzawi, Rafaël Angulo-Jaramillo, Antônio Celso Dantas Antonino, George Arampatzis, Robson André Armindo, Hossein Asadi, Yazidhi Bamutaze, Jordi Batlle-Aguilar, Béatrice Béchet, Fabian Becker, Günter Blöschl, Klaus Bohne, Isabelle Braud, Clara Castellano, Artemi Cerdà, Maha Chalhoub, Rogerio Cichota, Milena Císlerová, Brent Clothier, Yves Coquet, Wim Cornelis, Corrado Corradini, Artur Paiva Coutinho, Muriel Bastista de Oliveira, José Ronaldo de Macedo, Matheus Fonseca Durães, Hojat Emami, Iraj Eskandari, Asghar Farajnia, Alessia Flammini, Nándor Fodor, Mamoun Gharaibeh, Mohamad Hossein Ghavimipanah, Teamrat A. Ghezzehei, Simone Giertz, Evangelos G. Hatzigiannakis, Rainer Horn, Juan José Jiménez, Diederik Jacques, Saskia Deborah Keesstra, Hamid Kelishadi, Mahboobeh Kiani-Harchegani, Mehdi Kouselou, Madan Kumar Jha, Laurent Lassabatère, Xiaoyan Li, Mark A. Liebig, Lubomír Lichner, María Victoria López, Deepesh Machiwal, Dirk Mallants, Micael Stolben Mallmann, Jean Dalmo de Oliveira Marques, Miles R. Marshall, Jan Mertens, Félicien Meunier, Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi, Binayak P. Mohanty, Mansonia Pulido-Moncada, Suzana Montenegro, Renato Morbidelli, David Moret-Fernández, Ali Akbar Moosavi, Mohammad Reza Mosaddeghi, Seyed Bahman Mousavi, Hasan Mozaffari, Kamal Nabiollahi, Mohammad Reza Neyshabouri, Marta Vasconcelos Ottoni, Theophilo Benedicto Ottoni Filho, Mohammad Reza Pahlavan-Rad, Andreas Panagopoulos, Stephan Peth, Pierre-Emmanuel Peyneau, Tommaso Picciafuoco, Jean Poesen, Manuel Pulido, Dalvan José Reinert, Sabine Reinsch, Meisam Rezaei, Francis Parry Roberts, David Robinson, Jesús Rodrigo-Comino, Otto Corrêa Rotunno Filho, Tadaomi Saito, Hideki Suganuma, Carla Saltalippi, Renáta Sándor, Brigitta Schütt, Manuel Seeger, Nasrollah Sepehrnia, Ehsan Sharifi Moghaddam, Manoj Shukla, Shiraki Shutaro, Ricardo Sorando, Ajayi Asishana Stanley, Peter Strauss, Zhongbo Su, Ruhollah Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi, Encarnación Taguas, Wenceslau Geraldes Teixeira, Ali Reza Vaezi, Mehdi Vafakhah, Tomas Vogel, Iris Vogeler, Jana Votrubova, Steffen Werner, Thierry Winiarski, Deniz Yilmaz, Michael H. Young, Steffen Zacharias, Yijian Zeng, Ying Zhao, Hong Zhao, Harry Vereecken
article
Earth System Science Data, 2018, 10 (3), pp.1237-1263. ⟨10.5194/essd-10-1237-2018⟩
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In this paper, we present and analyze a novel global database of soil infiltration measurements, the Soil Water Infiltration Global (SWIG) database. In total, 5023 infiltration curves were collected across all continents in the SWIG database. These data were either provided and quality checked by the scientists who performed the experiments or they were digitized from published articles. Data from 54 different countries were included in the database with major contributions from Iran, China, and the USA. In addition to its extensive geographical coverage, the collected infiltration curves cover research from 1976 to late 2017. Basic information on measurement location and method, soil properties, and land use was gathered along with the infiltration data, making the database valuable for the development of pedotransfer functions (PTFs) for estimating soil hydraulic properties, for the evaluation of infiltration measurement methods, and for developing and validating infiltration models. Soil textural information (clay, silt, and sand content) is available for 3842 out of 5023 infiltration measurements ( ∼ 76%) covering nearly all soil USDA textural classes except for the sandy clay and silt classes. Information on land use is available for 76% of the experimental sites with agricultural land use as the dominant type ( ∼ 40%). We are convinced that the SWIG database will allow for a better parameterization of the infiltration process in land surface models and for testing infiltration models. All collected data and related soil characteristics are provided online in *.xlsx and *.csv formats for reference, and we add a disclaimer that the database is for public domain use only and can be copied freely by referencing it. Supplementary data are available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.885492 (Rahmati et al., 2018). Data quality assessment is strongly advised prior to any use of this database. Finally, we would like to encourage scientists to extend and update the SWIG database by uploading new data to it.
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DOI : 10.5194/essd-10-1237-2018
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Socio-environmental implications of process-based restoration strategies in large rivers: should we remove novel ecosystems along the Rhône (France)?
auteur
Maxine Thorel, Hervé Piégay, Carole Barthelemy, Bianca Räpple, Charles-Robin Gruel, Pierre Marmonier, Thierry Winiarski, Jean-Philippe Bedell, Fanny Arnaud, Gwenaëlle Roux, Jonh Stella, Gabrielle Seignemartin, Alvaro Tena-Pagan, Vincent Wawrzyniak, Dad Roux-Michollet, Benjamin Oursel, Stéphanie Fayolle, Céline Bertrand, Evelyne Franquet
article
Regional Environmental Change, 2018, 18, pp.2019-2031. ⟨10.1007/s10113-018-1325-7⟩
resume
River restoration efforts require interdisciplinary approaches involving fluvial geomorphology, hydraulic engineering, ecology, sedimentology, chemistry, social geography, and sociology. We investigated the functioning of artificial structures called “Casiers Girardon” (groyne fields) in the Rhône River. We assessed potential benefits and risks linked to removing the Rhône groyne fields in a restoration context, with particular focus on the potential for increased bank erosion. Hydraulic, morphological, chemical, ecological, and social issues resulting from dismantlement were studied for terrestrialized and aquatic Casiers Girardon. Only 10% of Casiers Girardon have maintained their aquatic features, whereas most of the Casiers are terrestrialized. Our results help to confirm the effectiveness of restoration actions; however, they also indicate uncertainties and additional knowledge needs, especially in regard to potential incompatibilities between Casier restoration and conservation. Then, an interdisciplinary conceptual model was developed to identify interventions to be considered in Casiers Girardon, according to their terrestrialization rate and physiochemical characteristics (connectivity, amount of gravel vs. fine sediment, contamination level). This model synthetizes scientific results and expert judgment and provides management recommendations based on ecological and sociological expectations about the restoration of Casiers Girardon. The model highlights high heterogeneity in functioning and ecological potential between terrestrialized and aquatic Casiers. Dismantling of terrestrialized Casiers has strong potential to provide multiple benefits, whereas aquatic Casiers could be maintained as valuable backwaters. The managing guidelines for the Casiers Girardon of the Rhône River should be adapted according to local conditions, as well as expected benefits and needs, and conducted in co-ordination with all actors involved in and affected by the restoration.
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DOI : 10.1007/s10113-018-1325-7
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Keep your feet warm? A cryptic refugium of trees linked to a geothermal spring in an ocean of glaciers
auteur
Christopher Carcaillet, Jean-Louis Latil, Sébastien Abou, Adam Ali, Bassam Ghaleb, Frédéric Magnin, Paul Roiron, Serge Aubert
article
Global Change Biology, 2018, 24 (6), pp.2476-2487. ⟨10.1111/gcb.14067⟩
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Up to now, the most widely accepted idea of the periglacial environment is that of treeless ecosystems such as the arctic or the alpine tundra, also called the tabula rasa paradigm. However, several palaeoecological studies have recently challenged this idea, that is, treeless environments in periglacial areas where all organisms would have been exterminated near the glacier formed during the Last Glacial Maxi- mum, notably in the Scandinavian mountains. In the Alps, the issue of glacial refugia of trees remains unanswered. Advances in glacier reconstructions show that ice domes did not cover all upper massifs, but glaciers filled valleys. Here, we used fos- sils of plant and malacofauna from a travertine formation located in a high mountain region to demonstrate that trees (Pinus, Betula) grew with grasses during the Late- glacial-Holocene transition, while the glacier fronts were 200–300 m lower. The geothermal travertine started to accumulate more than 14,500 years ago, but became progressively more meteogene about 11,500 years ago due to a change in groundwater circulation. With trees, land snails (gastropods) associated to woody or open habitats and aquatic mollusc were also present at the onset of the current interglacial, namely the Holocene. The geothermal spring, due to warm water and soil, probably favoured woody glacial ecosystems. This new finding of early tree growth, combined with other scattered proofs of the tree presence before 11,000 years ago in the western Alps, changes our view of the tree distribution in periglacial environments, supporting the notion of tree refugia on nunataks in an ocean of glaciers. Therefore, the tabula rasa paradigm must be revisited because it has important consequences on the global changes, including postglacial plant migrations and biogeochemical cycles.
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DOI
DOI : 10.1111/gcb.14067
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titre
An Early Triassic gladius associated with soft tissue remains from Idaho, USA - a squid-like coleoid cephalopod at the onset of Mesozoic Era.
auteur
Larisa A. Doguzhaeva, Arnaud Brayard, Nicolas Goudemand, Laurel J. Krumenacker, James F. Jenks, Kevin G. Bylund, Emmanuel Fara, Nicolas Olivier, Emmanuelle Vennin, Gilles Escarguel
article
Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 2018, 63 (2), pp.341-355. ⟨10.4202/app.00393.2017⟩
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We describe an Olenekian (Early Triassic) “fossil squid” belonging to the oldest complex Mesozoic marine biota collected in the Lower Shale unit of the Lower Triassic Thaynes Group in Idaho, USA. The studied specimen shows a tapered structure embedded in a cylindrical soft body. Morphological, ultrastructural and geochemical features of the specimen suggest that it corresponds to an internally-shelled cephalopod exhibiting a tapered micro-laminated gladius with rachis, narrow median and lateral fields and a large conus; a pair of posterior large fin-supported cartilages and fins; ventral and dorsal mantle band-shape structures, the dorsal one being cartilaginous; mantle patches; a stomach containing undigested arm-hooks and sheet-like pieces of potential flooded ink. Coupled SEM/EDS analyses show that (i) arm-hooks and ink were pseudomorphed by nanoparticles (less than 0.6 mm in diameter) of carbon, (ii) gladius and soft tissues were substituted by granules of calcium phosphate, (iii) cartilage canalicula’s were partially filled with calcium phosphate grains and crystals of Zn- and S-containing minerals. The specimen was hence probably fossilized due to metabolism of P- and C-accumulating bacteria. Based on this specimen, Idahoteuthis parisiana Doguzhaeva and Brayard gen. et sp. nov. and Idahoteuthidae Doguzhaeva and Brayard fam. nov. are erected. This family is characterized by an elongated, cylindrical, dorsally cartilaginous muscular mantle; well-developed, about 0.2 mantle length, rounded anteriorly and acute posteriorly, fin-supported cartilages and similarly shaped two fins at conical mantle termination, and thin slender gladius with narrow median and lateral fields, rachis and breviconic conus. This family assumedly falls in Myopsida (Decabrachia). A streamlined body, large fin-supported cartilages and eroded arm-hooks in the stomach of Idahoteuthis Doguzhaeva and Brayard gen. nov. suggest that this was a maneuverable cannibal predator that dwelled in the subequatorial shallow sea of the west coast of Pangaea.
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DOI : 10.4202/app.00393.2017
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titre
The conserved regulatory RNA RsaE down-regulates the arginine degradation pathway in Staphylococcus aureus
auteur
Tatiana Rochat, Chantal Bohn, Claire Morvan, Thao Nguyen Le Lam, Fareha Razvi, Adrien Pain, Claire Toffano-Nioche, Prishila Ponien, Annick Jacq, Eric Jacquet, Paul D. Fey, Daniel Gautheret, Philippe Bouloc
article
Nucleic Acids Research, 2018, 46 (17), pp.8803--8816. ⟨10.1093/nar/gky584⟩
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RsaE is a regulatory RNA highly conserved amongst Firmicutes that lowers the amount of mRNAs associated with the TCA cycle and folate metabolism. A search for new RsaE targets in Staphylococcus aureus revealed that in addition to previously described substrates, RsaE down-regulates several genes associated with arginine catabolism. In particular, RsaE targets the arginase rocF mRNA via direct interactions involving G-rich motifs. Two duplicated C-rich motifs of RsaE can independently downregulate rocF expression. The faster growth rate of Delta rsaE compared to its parental strain in media containing amino acids as sole carbon source points to an underlying role for RsaE in amino acid catabolism. Collectively, the data support a model in which RsaE acts as a global regulator of functions associated with metabolic adaptation.
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DOI : 10.1093/nar/gky584
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Forces, failles et opportunités de la recherche française en écologie trophique
auteur
Marie-Elodie Perga, Michael Danger, Stanislas Dubois, Clémentine Fritsch, Cedric Gaucherel, Cedric Hubas, Franck Jabot, Gérard Lacroix, Sébastien Lefebvre, Pierre Marmonier, Alexandre Bec
article
Comptes Rendus. Biologies, 2018, 341 (6), pp.301-314. ⟨10.1016/j.crvi.2018.05.001⟩
resume
The French National Institute of Ecology and Environment (INEE) aims at fostering pluridisciplinarity in Environmental Science and, for that purpose, funds ex muros research groups (GDR) on thematic topics. Trophic ecology has been identified as a scientific field in ecology that would greatly benefit from such networking activity, as being profoundly scattered. This has motivated the seeding of a GDR, entitled “GRET”. The contours of the GRET's action, and its ability to fill these gaps within trophic ecology at the French national scale, will depend on the causes of this relative scattering. This study relied on a nationally broadcasted poll aiming at characterizing the field of trophic ecology in France. Amongst all the unique individuals that fulfilled the poll, over 300 belonged at least partly to the field of trophic ecology. The sample included all French public research institutes and career stages. Three main disruptions within the community of scientist in trophic ecology were identified. The first highlighted the lack of interfaces between microbial and trophic ecology. The second evidenced that research questions were strongly linked to single study fields or ecosystem type. Last, research activities are still quite restricted to the ecosystem boundaries. All three rupture points limit the conceptual and applied progression in the field of trophic ecology. Here we show that most of the disruptions within French Trophic Ecology are culturally inherited, rather than motivated by scientific reasons or justified by socio-economic stakes. Comparison with the current literature confirms that these disruptions are not necessarily typical of the French research landscape, but instead echo the general weaknesses of the international research in ecology. Thereby, communication and networking actions within and toward the community of trophic ecologists, as planned within the GRET's objectives, should contribute to fill these gaps, by reintegrating microbes within trophic concepts and setting the seeds for trans- and meta-ecosystemic research opportunities. Once the community of trophic ecologists is aware of the scientific benefit in pushing its boundaries forwards, turning words and good intentions into concrete research projects will depend on the opportunities to obtain research funding.
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DOI : 10.1016/j.crvi.2018.05.001
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Riding on the wind: volatile compounds dictate selection of grassland seedlings by snails
auteur
Mick E. Hanley, Shannon Roger, Damien G. Lemoine, Sandey Bethan, Newland Philip, Poppy Guy
article
Annals of Botany, 2018, 122 (6), pp.1075-1083. ⟨10.1093/aob/mcy190⟩
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• Background and Aims Seedling herbivory is an important selective filter in many plant communities. The re- moval of preferred food plants by both vertebrate and, more commonly, invertebrate herbivores can destroy entire seedling cohorts, and consequently dictate plant community assembly. Nevertheless, our understanding of how and why some seedlings are more prone to herbivore attack than their neighbours remains limited. For seedlings, where even minor tissue damage is fatal, avoiding contact with herbivores is probably advantageous and, on this basis, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are strong candidates to fulfil a primary defensive role. • Methods We quantified seedling selection by snails (Cornu aspersum) for 14 common, European grassland species. Seedling acceptability was subsequently compared with species-specific expression of constitutive sec- ondary defence metabolites (CSDMs), and VOCs to determine their relative influence on seedling selection. • Results We found no relationship between seedling acceptability and CSDMs, but seedling selection was strongly associated with VOC profiles. Monoterpenes (specifically à-ocimene) were identified as likely attractants, while green leaf volatiles (GLVs) (3-hexen-1-ol acetate) were strongly associated with low seedling acceptability. • Conclusions ByelucidatingarelationshipbetweenVOCsandseedlingacceptability,wecontradictalong-held, but poorly tested, assumption that seedling selection by herbivores in (semi-)natural plant communities centres on CSDMs. Instead, our results corroborate recent work showing how GLVs, including 3-hexen-1-ol acetate, deter crop seedling selection by molluscs. Although our failure to establish any early-ontogenetic relationship between VOCs and CSDMs also suggests that the former do not ‘advertise’ possession of the latter, we nevertheless reveal the role that VOCs play in defending seedlings against herbivory before lethal damage occurs.
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DOI : 10.1093/aob/mcy190
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Superstesaster promissor gen. et sp. nov., a new starfish (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) from the Early Triassic of Utah, USA, filling a major gap in the phylogeny of asteroids.
auteur
Loïc Villier, Arnaud Brayard, Kevin G. Bylund, James F. Jenks, Gilles Escarguel, Nicolas Olivier, Daniel A. Stephen, Emmanuelle Vennin, Emmanuel Fara
article
Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 2018, 16 (5), pp.395-415. ⟨10.1080/14772019.2017.1308972⟩
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We describe Superstesaster promissor gen. et sp. nov., a starfish from the Smithian (Early Triassic) of Utah (USA) that fills a major gap in the fossil record of the Asteroidea. The post-Palaeozoic crown group Asteroidea are distinct from any of the diverse Palaeozoic forms. However, current understanding of the Palaeozoic–Mesozoic transition is blurred by a large gap in the fossil record between the Early Permian and the Middle Triassic. Building on the newly described taxon, a phylogenetic analysis investigates the relationships between Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Asteroidea. Including 30 species and 70 morphological characters, it is the most comprehensive phylogeny produced for fossil starfishes so far. Relationships among Palaeozoic forms remain poorly resolved, but their position in the tree is grossly consistent with stratigraphy. The tree topology implies the appearance of a wide range of morphologies during the Ordovician, a bottleneck during the end-Devonian events, and a second diversification during the Carboniferous, before a diversity decline at the end of the Permian. Superstesaster promissor nests above Palaeozoic taxa and appears as the sister group to the post-Palaeozoic Asteroidea. It represents the first record of a member of the stem group in the Mesozoic, and it likely reflects the ancestral morphology of the crown group. S. promissor shares with the crown group typical ambulacral and adambulacral plate shape and articulation. Phylogenetic relationships within the crown group remain poorly resolved, although three clades are consistent with molecular and morphological phylogenies available for extant forms: Valvatacea (Comptoniaster, Pentasteria, Advenaster, Noviaster), Forcipulatacea (Germanasterias, Argoviaster) and Velatida (Tropidaster, Protremaster). A Triassic and Jurassic radiation of the crown group is confirmed. Most Triassic and Jurassic forms do not share all synapomorphies with extant clades and usually represent separate clades or stem members of modern clades rather than true members of modern families.
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DOI : 10.1080/14772019.2017.1308972
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titre
Palaeobiogeographical distribution of Smithian (Early Triassic) ammonoid faunas within the western USA basin and its controlling parameters.
auteur
Romain Jattiot, Arnaud Brayard, Hugo Bucher, Emmanuelle Vennin, Gwénaël Caravaca, James F. Jenks, Kevin G. Bylund, Gilles Escarguel
article
Palaeontology, 2018, 61 (6), pp.881-904. ⟨10.1111/pala.12375⟩
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We present the first quantitative palaeobiogeographical analysis in terms of distribution and abundance of Early Triassic ammonoids from the western USA basin during the Smithian, c. 1 myr after the Permian–Triassic boundary mass extinction. The faunal dataset consists of a taxonomically homogenized compilation of spatial and temporal occurrences and abundances from 27 sections distributed within the western USA basin. Two complementary multivariate techniques were applied to identify the main biogeographical structuring recorded in the analysed presence/absence data: additive cluster analysis using the neighbor‐joining algorithm (NJ) and non‐metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). Regarding abundance data, a taxonomic diversity (sensu evenness) analysis was coupled with graphical comparisons of relative abundances of selected taxa. The identified relationships indicate that middle Smithian ammonoids of the western USA basin were geographically organized in terms of both distribution and abundance, with the biogeographical distinction of a southern and a northern cluster. This N–S structuring in the distribution and abundance of middle Smithian ammonoids is notably paralleled by the relative amount of siliciclastics, which suggests that clastic load of the water column was a major controlling factor. In marked contrast with the middle Smithian, the studied late Smithian ammonoid assemblages do not show any significant differences, whatever the depositional environment. This abrupt biogeographical homogenization, independent from intrabasinal facies heterogeneity, indicates a switch from regional to global drivers, associated with the well‐known late Smithian global extinction and remarkable cosmopolitan ammonoid distributions during that time.
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DOI : 10.1111/pala.12375
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titre
Growth parameters influencing uptake of chlordecone by Miscanthus species
auteur
Yohan Liber, Clarisse Létondor, Sophie Lorber, Francois Laurent
article
Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 624, pp.831-837. ⟨10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.071⟩
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Because of its high persistence in soils, t1/2 = 30 years, chlordecone (CLD) was classified as a persistent organic pollutant (POP) by the Stockholm Convention in 2009.The distribution of CLD over time has been heterogeneous, ranging from banana plantations to watersheds, and contaminating all environmental compartments. The aims of this study were to (i) evaluate the potential of Miscanthus species to extract chlordecone from contaminated soils, (ii) identify the growth parameters that influence the transfer of CLD from the soil to aboveground plant parts. CLD uptake was investigated in two species of Miscanthus, C4 plants adapted to tropical climates. M. sinensis and M. × giganteus were transplanted in a soil spiked with [14C]CLD at environmental concentrations (1 mg kg− 1) under controlled conditions. Root-shoot transfer of CLD was compared in the two species after two growing periods (2 then 6 months) after transplantation. CLD was found in all plant organs, roots, rhizomes, stems, leaves, and even flower spikes. The highest concentration of CLD was in the roots, 5398 ± 1636 (M. × giganteus) and 14842 ± 3210 ng g− 1 DW (M. sinensis), whereas the concentration in shoots was lower, 152 ± 28 (M. × giganteus) and 266 ± 70 ng g− 1 DW (M. sinensis) in soil contaminated at 1 mg kg− 1. CLD translocation led to an acropetal gradient from the bottom to the top of the plants. CLD concentrations were also monitored over two complete growing periods (10 months) in M. sinensis grown in 8.05 mg kg− 1 CLD contaminated soils. Concentrations decreased in M. sinensis shoots after the second growth period due to the increase in organic matters in the vicinity of the roots. Results showed that, owing to their respective biomass production, the two species were equally efficient at phytoextraction of CLD.
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DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.071
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Landscapes of facilitation: how self-organized patchiness of aquatic macrophytes promotes diversity in streams
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Loreta Cornacchia, Johan van de Koppel, Daphne van Der Wal, Geraldene Wharton, Sara Puijalon, Tjeerd Bouma
article
Ecology, 2018, 99 (4), pp.832-847. ⟨10.1002/ecy.2177⟩
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Spatial heterogeneity plays a crucial role in the coexistence of species. Despite recogni- tion of the importance of self-organization in creating environmental heterogeneity in otherwise uni- form landscapes, the effects of such self-organized pattern formation in promoting coexistence through facilitation are still unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of pattern formation on species interactions and community spatial structure in ecosystems with limited underlying envi- ronmental heterogeneity, using self-organized patchiness of the aquatic macrophyte Callitriche platy- carpa in streams as a model system. Our theoretical model predicted that pattern formation in aquatic vegetation – due to feedback interactions between plant growth, water flow and sedimentation pro- cesses – could promote species coexistence, by creating heterogeneous flow conditions inside and around the plant patches. The spatial plant patterns predicted by our model agreed with field observa- tions at the reach scale in naturally vegetated rivers, where we found a significant spatial aggregation of two macrophyte species around C. platycarpa. Field transplantation experiments showed that C. platycarpa had a positive effect on the growth of both beneficiary species, and the intensity of this facilitative effect was correlated with the heterogeneous hydrodynamic conditions created within and around C. platycarpa patches. Our results emphasize the importance of self-organized patchiness in promoting species coexistence by creating a landscape of facilitation, where new niches and facilitative effects arise in different locations. Understanding the interplay between competition and facilitation is therefore essential for successful management of biodiversity in many ecosystems.
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DOI : 10.1002/ecy.2177
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Diversity of foliar endophytic ascomycetes in the endemic Corsicanpine forests
auteur
Adrien Taudiere, Jean-Michel Bellanger, Christopher Carcaillet, Laetitia Hugot, Finn Kjellberg, Aarón Lecanda, Annick C Lesne, Pierre-Arthur Moreau, Karin Scharmann, Sebastian Leidel, Franck Richard
article
Fungal Ecology, 2018, 36, pp.128-140. ⟨10.1016/j.funeco.2018.07.008⟩
resume
Plant leaves host species rich communities of foliar endophytic fungi (FEF). Compared to the other compartments of the plant microbiome, FEF diversity is poorly known. Here we document the communities of FEF associated with the endemic Corsican pine Pinus nigra subsp. laricio at three sites across its natural range and examine the effect of forest site, tree age and light exposure on FEF composition. Metabarcoding using next-generation sequencing provided 8,243,608 Ascomycota ITS2 sequences clustered into 642 FEF operational taxonomic units (OTUs). FEF communities did not differ in species richness across sites and tree cohorts, but differed in composition among forest patches and according to tree age. FEF community composition did not correlate with needle location (shade vs full light). Results are robust against the various options of the bioinformatic pipeline specifically developed. This study provides the first picture of FEF diversity in a Mediterranean island and underlines the complementarity of forest massifs for fungal conservation.
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DOI : 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.07.008
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Land cover disturbance homogenizes aquatic insect functional structure in neotropical savanna streams
auteur
Diego Parreira de Castro, Sylvain Dolédec, Marcos Callisto
article
Ecological Indicators, 2018, 84, pp.573-582. ⟨10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.09.030⟩
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By modifying local habitat conditions, the alteration of land cover can result in severe faunal impairment, subsequently affecting ecosystem functioning. We analyzed changes in the composition of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) assemblages along a gradient of human disturbance intensity in 66 neotropical savanna headwater stream sites. Whereas EPT genus richness did not differ among the levels of disturbance, functional richness and diversity significantly decreased from least- to highly disturbed sites. Using a combination of RLQ and fourth-corner analyses, we found that 12 of 28 trait categories were significantly associated with changes in catchment land use and cover intensity, local physical habitat, and water quality. EPT assemblages in least-disturbed sites were characterized by higher proportions of large body size and low body flexibility with <1 reproductive cycle per year, case building, and climbing functional traits. In addition, disturbed sites demonstrated high assemblage functional homogenization compared with least disturbed sites. To our knowledge, this study is the first that examines the response of invertebrate functional structure along a gradient of human disturbance at a large spatial scale in the Neotropics. In doing so, we demonstrate the applicability of multiple trait-based approaches and the higher reliability of functional structure in comparison to taxonomic composition for assessing the effects of human disturbances in neotropical streams.
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DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.09.030
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Cryptic species as a window into the paradigm shift of the species concept
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Cene Fišer, Christopher Robinson, Florian Malard
article
Molecular Ecology, 2018, 27 (3), pp.613 - 635. ⟨10.1111/mec.14486⟩
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The species concept is the cornerstone of biodiversity science, and any paradigm shift in the delimitation of species affects many research fields. Many biologists now are embracing a new “species” paradigm as separately evolving populations using different delimitation criteria. Individual criteria can emerge during different periods of speciation; some may never evolve. As such, a paradigm shift in the species concept relates to this inherent heterogeneity in the speciation process and species category which is fundamentally overlooked in biodiversity research. Cryptic species fall within this paradigm shift: they are continuously being reported from diverse animal phyla but are poorly considered in current tests of ecological and evolutionary theory. The aim of this review is to integrate cryptic species in biodiversity science. In the first section, we address that the absence of morpho- logical diversification is an evolutionary phenomenon, a “process” counterpart to the long studied mechanisms of morphological diversification. In the next section regarding taxonomy, we show that molecular delimitation of cryptic species is heavily biased towards dis- tance-based methods. We also stress the importance of formally naming of cryptic species for better integration into research fields that use species as units of analysis. Finally, we show that incorporating cryptic species leads to novel insights regarding biodiversity pat- terns and processes, including large-scale biodiversity assessments, geographic variation in species distribution and species coexistence. It is time for incorporating multicriteria spe- cies approaches aiming to understand speciation across space and taxa, thus allowing inte- gration into biodiversity conservation while accommodating for species uncertainty.
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DOI : 10.1111/mec.14486
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Spatial and temporal dynamics of sediment ecotoxicity in urban stormwater retention basins: Methodological approach and application to a pilot site close to Lyon in France
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Céline Becouze-Lareure, Gislain Lipeme Kouyi, Carolina Gonzalez-Merchan, Christine Bazin, Christel Sebastian, Sylvie Barraud, Yves Perrodin
article
Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2018, 53 (13), pp.1123-1130. ⟨10.1080/10934529.2018.1529894⟩
resume
To characterize the spatio-temporal variation of sediment ecotoxicity in a retention/detention basin, a monitoring program using the Heterocypris incongruens bioassay was carried out for 72 months (5 years) on a field basin close to Lyon in France. Results showed that the variation of ecotoxicity is relatively small from one location of the basin to another, apart from sediment sampling collected in an open-air chamber located in basin supposed to collect gross pollutants and hydrocarbons. Regarding the temporal variation of ecotoxicity, the bioassays also showed a slight variation between 6 and 72 months. On the contrary, they highlighted the high ecotoxicity of the “fresh” sediments collected during rain events using sediment traps. Additional investigations are needed to understand the period of inflexion of ecotoxicity, occurring between 24 h and 6 months. These results can be used by practitioners of urban facilities and networks to improve maintenance strategies of retention/detention basins.
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DOI : 10.1080/10934529.2018.1529894
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Assessment of Ozone or Not-Treated Wastewater Ecotoxicity Using Mechanism-Based and Zebrafish Embryo Bioassays
auteur
Adriana Wigh, Selim Ait-Aissa, Nicolas Creusot, Hugo Terrisse, Marie Laure Delignette-Muller, Alexandre Bergé, Emmanuelle Vulliet, Bruno Domenjoud, Adriana Gonzalez-Ospina, Vanessa Brosselin, Alain Devaux, Sylvie Bony
article
Journal of Environmental Protection, 2018, 09 (04), pp.325 - 346. ⟨10.4236/jep.2018.94022⟩
resume
Toxicity of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents is usually assessed with standardized bioassays, as e.g. the Fish Embryo Toxicity test (FET), but assessment of sub-lethal toxic effects requires to develop more adapted tests. The present work aimed to add the recording of several sub-lethal endpoints in exposed zebrafish embryo-larval stages in order to increase the sensitivity of residual toxicity evaluation of WWTP effluents using a semi-quantitative method (iFET score). This approach was complemented with the genotoxicity assessment on the exposed embryos, a sub-acute hazard particularly relevant to evaluate a potential chronic toxicity risk of low and multi-contaminated environmental matrices. Additionally, endocrine activities of effluents were quantified using human reporter cell lines. This test battery was applied to the assessment of the residual toxicity of five biological treatment effluents, further treated or not using various ozonation treatments intended to improve pharmaceutical compounds removal. Acute toxicity towards zebrafish embryos was very low. However, iFET score approach proposed was able to reveal residual toxicity through the presence of developmental abnormalities in all samples tested. Additionally, a low residual genotoxicity was measured in embryos exposed to two of the WWTP effluents when all excepted one exhibited a residual endocrine activity potential in the ng/L range providing complementary information on the occurrence of endocrine active chemicals and their reduction by different processes. To sum up, such a simplified and ecologically relevant test battery was found sensitive enough to characterize and differentiate various residual effluent’s ecotoxicity at contaminant levels of environmental concern.
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DOI : 10.4236/jep.2018.94022
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Biological and chemical-ozone oxidation of emerging micropollutants in wastewater treatment plants
auteur
Adriana Gonzalez-Ospina, Bruno Domenjoud, Emmanuelle Vulliet, Sylvie Bony, Sylvie Baig
article
Environnement, Risques & Santé, 2018, 17 (2), pp.75-83. ⟨10.1684/ers.2017.1097⟩
resume
Pharmaceuticals are found in significant quantities in municipal wastewater, probably because of their incomplete biotransformation by human or animal metabolization. They are not completely eliminated through conventional wastewater treatment and are subsequently released into the aquatic environment. More advanced treatment is required for the effective reduction of the quantity of pharmaceuticals entering the environment. Among the available technical treatments, tertiary ozonation has proved an economically feasible and highly effectivewayof removing awide range of contaminants. Like other oxidative treatments, ozonation leads to major changes in the water composition. Consequently, it is important to evaluate the toxic potential of the treated effluent through relevant ecotoxicological end points. This pilot study took place at the Bellecombe WWTP (France). A mixture of municipal and hospital wastewater was treated by conventional activated sludge (CAS) followed by tertiary ozonation at three transferred ozone doses ranging from 0.45 to 2.30 mg O3/mg DOC with a hydraulic contact time of 5 minutes. To characterize the removal efficiencies of both CAS and CAS with tertiary ozonation, 12 pharmaceuticals were tested. Endocrine disruption tests were conducted to assess the toxic potential of the effluents. The overall elimination yields achieved by CAS were 48% with a high standard deviation (above 18%). The addition of tertiary ozonation greatly improved the global removal to 92% (+/- 4%) for an average transferred ozone dose of 0.45 mg O3/mg DOC. Increasing the ozone dose to 1.30 mg O3/mg DOC significantly enhanced the removal of the pharmaceuticals, with kO3 below 105 M-1.s-1. In addition, estrogenic, androgenic, and glucocorticoid endocrine disruption were all reduced in the ozonation stage. Ozonation proved to be highly effective in removing pharmaceuticals at low ozone doses, while simultaneously reducing the potential of endocrine disruption activities compared with biological treatment by conventional activated sludge.
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DOI : 10.1684/ers.2017.1097
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